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Self-propelled artillery mount "Gvozdika": photos and characteristics

In the early 1970s, several artillery installations with "flower" names appeared in the Soviet Union: "Carnation", "Acacia", "Tulip", "Hyacinth" and "Peony". The self-propelled howitzer "Carnation" was created to destroy and destroy enemy manpower, artillery and mortar units. With its help, passage through the minefields and through various obstacles is provided. These settings are very fast and maneuverable.

What is a howitzer

The word "howitzer" came from the German haubitze. In translation, this means a weapon that is intended for throwing stones. Speaking of an artillery gun, a howitzer is a military device for firing at ground targets at an angle of 70 degrees. If you open an explanatory dictionary, then the meaning of this word is described in different ways, but the main meaning does not change.

The howitzer is the same gun, but with a shorter barrel length. The speed of the projectile at the beginning of the movement is also inferior to the speed of the cannon. The walls in the trunk of howitzers are made thinner. If these two guns have the same caliber, then their weight is significantly different. The gun is much heavier.

Self-propelled installation "Carnation" is an artillery system, which is still used by the armed forces of different countries.

Creation and development of the first self-propelled artillery in the Soviet Union

At all times of wars and battles, a technique was needed that could accompany the advancing troops and support them with fire. Artillery weapons had many varieties. But it was not mobile.

By the beginning of the 20th century, the level of knowledge of designers allowed us to create self-propelled guns. VD Mendeleev in 1916 proposed to the court of the military his development - a very heavy machine on the tracks "Bronezhod." She had a protective armor and a cannon. In the same year Colonel Artillery Gulkevich proposed a project of a tractor self-propelled gun. It was built at the Obukhov Steel Plant. He was armed with a 3-inch gun and 2 machine guns and armor. The following year the designer N. N. Lebedenko created a combat vehicle on two wheels. In 1920, Russian industrialists in Nizhny Novgorod released a whole batch of tanks. They took the idea of creation from the French, having studied the captured tank of the firm "Renault".

In the 1920s, the development of machines was approached seriously. A tender was announced for the best proposal for the design and construction of armored vehicles. In 1922 the project "Motorship AM" received the first prize. Despite the mass of 10 tons, the car could float on the water. In this armament she had a 76 mm cannon.

The creation of the Commission of Special Artillery Experiments was of great importance for the development of new types of weapons. Under the leadership of former General of the Russian Army VM Trofimov, the committee studied the problems of ballistics and developed new types of weapons.

In 1922-23 years. Created a battalion artillery self-propelled gun at the Krasny Arsenal plant. At that time, the country was not in a better position, the industrial and economic base did not allow for the serial production of these facilities. In the late 20's and early 30's, such factories were working on the creation of new types of weapons: Krasny Putilovets, Kalinin № 8, "Red Arsenal" № 7, Kharkov locomotive building, "Bolshevik" - and many designers.

At the beginning of the Great Patriotic War, self-propelled artillery was not given much attention and returned to this issue after the victory.

Creating a 2C1 Installation

The creation of the Carnation "Carnation" was started after the resignation of Khrushchev on July 4, 1967. This was due to the fact that Soviet artillery equipment lagged behind the western. After the Great Patriotic War, there were no similar automatic control systems in the Soviet Army. Creation of the howitzer was entrusted to the design bureau, which operated at the Uralmash plant. FF Petrov was in charge of the project. And behind the chassis the Kharkov tractor factory and personally the designer A.F. Belousov answered. The specialists analyzed all the technical characteristics of the artoderms that have been released over the past few decades. And in the shortest time the system "Carnation" was created - the installation, the photo of which is presented below.

Tower and chassis

The MT-LB tractor took over the basic chassis in the installation. For greater stability, the chassis was supplemented with another roller.

Tracked ACS 2c1 "Carnation" was equipped with a place for the driver and had such units: two combat, control and motor-transmission.

The driver-mechanic got a space, which had sealed fences from the other blocks, located in 2c1 "Carnation".

In the front part of the tower to the left was a gunner, to the right - a charging gun, behind the gunner was the commander of the installation.

Back in the hull, special storage facilities for ammunition were created. To facilitate loading howitzer, in the tower installed mechanisms for sending shells and cartridges. With the help of a special electric or manual drive, the tower unfolded 360 degrees.

Caterpillars

SAU "Carnation" has great opportunities for passage in hard-to-reach places. This is due to the caterpillars. They are made of rubber and metal. Their width on the base model is 400 mm. There is the possibility of replacing them with 670-mm caterpillars. This will increase the patency of 2c1 "Carnation". The movable bearing of the casing (support rollers) is equipped with an individual suspension with torsion bars. In addition, hydraulic shock absorbers are installed on the first and seventh wheels. The driving wheels are located in the front of the fighting vehicle, they have toothed crowns, which can be replaced when worn. The tension of the tracks is provided by means of a mechanism that is inside the casing. SAU "Carnation" is equipped with the ability to move on water, overcoming obstacles, the width of which can be up to 300 m. The height of the wave should not be more than 150 mm, and the current should not exceed a speed of 0.6 m per second. The buoyancy of the machine is provided by the internal air chamber. It is created by welding two discs between the outer ring with a band of rubber and a hub. The maximum speed of movement of ACS 2c1 "Carnation" does not exceed 4.5 km per hour. When traveling on water, the number of shots should not be more than 30.

Housing and interior

The rocket "Carnation" has an armored body. It is made of steel 20 mm slabs. Such protection allows to secure the car and the crew from small arms of light defeat, fragments and mines. The armor sustains a bullet with a diameter of 7.62 mm, released from a distance of 300 m from the rifle.

Fuel tank 2c1 "Carnation" - this is six containers, connected together, three on each side. The total volume is 550 liters. This is enough for a distance of 500 km along the highway.

The engine for the self-propelled gun was manufactured by the Yaroslavl Motor Plant. The four-stroke diesel engine has 8 cylinders and a V-shape, is located in front. Its power is 240 horsepower.

SAU "Carnation" is equipped with a gear box with 11 forward speeds and 2 rear.

Self-propelled howitzer 2c1 can be transported by air with the help of aircraft AN-12, IL-76, AN-124.

Shells for Carnation

Currently, there are many types of shells, which can use the installation of "Carnation".

Standard equipment set: 35 high-explosive fragmentation and 5 cumulative. All ammunition is located along the walls of the hull and tower.

Let us dwell in more detail on those shells that are suitable for use on ACS 2c1 "Carnation".

1. High-explosive shells. Armor penetration is low. But they are used most often, because they inflict huge damage. If the tank enters the shell, it explodes. This leads to huge losses. If the projectile does not penetrate the armor, it can not do much harm. For protection use special screens that do not allow you to pierce the outer skin of the tank.

2. Cumulative ammunition. Better penetrate the armor due to the formation of kinetic energy, as if burning it through and through. Armor penetration does not deteriorate with increasing distance to the target. Special screen grids can be used as shields.

3. Lighting shells. Are intended for illumination of a district or for reproduction of signals in dark (night) time of day. Applied when dropping with the help of aviation power or equipment. Parachutes are used to brake their movement.

4. Agitation ammunition. They are used to inform the population that is in the occupied territories or in hard-to-reach areas.

5. Radio electronic countermeasures. Influence on the enemy's air defense radar. They interfere with various radio waves.

6. Chemical munitions. They are aimed at poisoning the enemy with poisons and chemicals. The shells can be torn out loud or loud. It depends on the boiling point of the chemical. After hitting the target, a poison cloud forms.

7. Smoke shells. Blind and put a dense smokescreen. It is recommended to apply when the sun is behind the clouds, with a slight wind force. This will increase the effect of smoke.

8. Shells with special damaging elements. Their application is not allowed by the Hague Convention because of the severity of the wounds inflicted. Inside the projectile are arrows with tips.

To carry out firing with ammunition, which are stacked near the machine, it has a large rear door and a transport device for feeding into the compartment.

Howitzer

How to create a self-propelled unit used howitzer D-30, which was already in service with many countries around the world. Self-propelled artillery unit 2c1 "Carnation" required the reconstruction and completion of the D-30. So there was a modification of the D-32 (2A31), which ideally suited the new requirements. 122-mm howitzer "Gvozdika" saw the light thanks to the KB number 9 and the designer AF Belousov. The main differences from its predecessor are the presence of a two-chamber muzzle brake and an ejector. In the trunk, 36 rifling are applied. The length of the entire tube is 4270 mm, the length of the charging chamber is 594 mm. The entire barrel group has a mass of 955 kg. Now such devices are equipped with all modern artillery installations. The breakdown of the ejection device will lead to the fact that the personnel can not continue working without gas masks.

The gun barrel can be guided vertically from -3 to +70 degrees. Guidance on the target is carried out from the sights of PG-2 and OP 5-37. The gun has a vertical-wedge gate. It is re-cocked by means of a semi-automatic mechanism. The entire shutter mechanism has a weight of 35.65 kg.

Cumulative projectiles BP-1 installation shoots with a special charge of Zh-8. The range can be up to 2 km. The shell starts moving at a speed of 740 meters per second.

If the firing charge is fired, the range can be 15.3 km. When firing an active-rocket projectile, it increases to 21.9 km. The minimum distance to which a munition can be sent is 4.07 km.

"Carnation" does not apply to the rapid-fire technique. When firing "from the ground" the gun can produce 4-5 rounds per minute. If the fire is carried by the supply of shells on board, then there are 1-2 shots per minute.

Technical and tactical data

  • The crew of the car - 4 people.
  • The total combat mass is 15,700 kg.
  • Dimensions: length - 7,265 m, width - 2,85 m, height - 2,285 m.
  • Armor - steel 2 cm.
  • The gun is a howitzer with a 122 mm D-32 trunk.
  • Combat kit - maximum 40 shells.
  • Rate of fire - 4-5 rounds per minute (maximum).
  • The range of fire is 4.07-15 km.
  • The maximum speed of movement along the highway is 60 km / h.
  • The maximum speed of movement on water is 4.5 km / h.
  • The distance at one gas station is max. 500 km.
  • Can overcome obstacles: wall height of 0.7 m, ditch width of 2.75 m.

The set of components includes such components:

BDIN-3 commander's observation device, PG-1 sight, PG-2 fire control system, PP81MN gunner night sight, TVN-M2 night vision device, YaMZ-238N-1 diesel engine.

Modern "Carnations"

The machine was adopted by virtually all the Warsaw Pact countries. Until now, the artillery "Carnation" is used by various countries around the world. Modern modifications of it are equipped with laser guidance "Kitolov-2". It was specially developed for self-propelled guns at the Instrument Design Bureau in Tula. Such a shell easily affects any armored mobile and fixed targets. "Kitolov-2" was adopted in 2002. The mass of the projectile is 28 kg, length - 1190 mm.

Until now, the serial production of self-propelled howitzer 2C1 with a 122-mm barrel is continuing.

The last modernization was carried out in 2003. In the city of Perm at the Motovilikhinskiye Zavody plant, the facility received new equipment in the form of an automatic guidance and fire control system. After that, the ACS was assigned a new designation - 2C1M1.

Installation "Carnation" is in such countries:

  • Azerbaijan - 62 pieces.
  • Algeria - 145 pieces.
  • Armenia - 10 pieces.
  • Belarus - 246 pieces.
  • Bulgaria - 306 pieces.
  • Bosnia and Herzegovina - 5 pieces.
  • Hungary - 153 pieces.
  • Georgia - 12 pieces.
  • Democratic Republic of the Congo - 12 pieces.
  • Kazakhstan - 10 pieces.
  • Poland - 533 pieces.
  • Republic of Serbia - 75 pieces.
  • Russia - 2000 pieces.
  • Romania - 6 pieces.
  • Syria - 400 pieces.
  • Slovakia - 49 pieces.
  • Ukraine - 580 pieces.
  • And also in Angola, Iraq, Yemen, Libya, the Czech Republic and Ethiopia.

Self-propelled Howitzer howitzer was produced not only in Russia. The right to produce it was received by Poland and Bulgaria.

In the Russian army, these howitzers are limited. They are used in artillery of mountain motorized rifle brigades and in marines. 152-mm howitzers are most popular.

Until August 2014, the artillery unit 2c1 "Carnation" was produced at a factory in Kharkov.

After the crisis in Ukraine led to a military confrontation, the owner of the plant, Russian Oleg Deripaska, was banned from issuing these weapons. In addition, the company was not extended the license for the production of snowblowers and lightly armored tractors.

"Carnations" as exhibits

Individual copies of the carnivore "Carnation" can be seen in various museums around the world. In Russia, these military vehicles are installed in the form of exhibits or commemorative pedestals in twelve locations.

In the Museum of Engineering of Vadim Zadorozhny (Moscow Region), in the memorial complex Partizanskaya Polyana (Bryansk), in Krasnoarmeysk, Moscow Region near the Research Institute Geodesy, in the Victory Park in Moscow, in the Suvorov Military School (Moscow), in St. Petersburg Petersburg, Yalutorovsk and other cities.

In Belarus, "Carnation" is in the Gomel Regional Museum of Military Glory and in the historical and cultural complex "Stalin's Line".

In Poland, these models are housed in five military museums, in the US - in three, in the Czech Republic - in one.

In Ukraine such self-propelled guns had 6 expositions in different cities of the country.

Protection from "Carnation"

For protection, it is necessary to use structures of concrete with a wall thickness of at least 50-70 cm. Building blocks for the foundation are ideal for creating a shelter. If you need to protect yourself in the city, it is best to use old bomb shelters, catacombs and cellars with good depth. The direct hit of a projectile is very dangerous.

The shells of howitzers and cannons have the property of strongly dissipating along the direction of their movement. Therefore, they are not used to defeat small targets. Effectively, they can be used only if the projectiles have a laser homing function. In this regard, it is recommended to move perpendicularly to the proposed direction of the attack, increasing the distance between the participants of the column and the speed of its movement.

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