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Russian culture of the late 19th - early 20th century. Features of Russian culture

In order to understand well the peculiarities of Russian culture at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, one must have an idea of the nature of Russian law, economics and politics of this period. This is of key importance. The role of Russian culture can not be overestimated. Thanks to the Petrine reforms, the empire established an absolute monarchy, as well as the legislative design of the bureaucracy. In particular, this affected the "golden age" of Catherine II.

Events of the beginning of the XIX century

The century was marked by the ministerial reform of Alexander I. In practice, it was conducted in order to strengthen the feudal-absolutist order. At the same time, it is necessary to take into account the influence of the new "spirit of the times". First of all, the reflection of the Great French Revolution on the whole of Russian culture is traced. The love of freedom is one of her archetypes. It is sung by all Russian poetry, beginning with Tsvetaeva and ending with Pushkin. After the ministries were established, further bureaucratization of management took place. In addition, the central apparatus of the Russian Empire was improved. The establishment of the State Council is the most important element of Europeanization and modernization of the entire system. Its main functions are: ensuring uniformity of legal norms and centralization of the legislative case.

Golden period

Russian culture of the late 19th - early 20th century developed very intensively. A strong influence on this process was provided by advanced Western European thought and world revolutionary progress. Also, the close relationship between Russian culture and others has affected. This was the period when French utopian socialism and German classical philosophy developed . These ideas have become very popular on the territory of the state. Russian culture of the early 19th century was strongly influenced by the heritage left over from previous generations. New shoots of creativity in literature have sprung up thanks to him. This also applies to the spheres of culture, painting and poetry. The works of F. Dostoevsky, P. Melnikov-Pechersky, N. Leskov and N. Gogol are permeated with the traditions of ancient Russian religious culture. Also it is necessary to note the work of other literary geniuses, whose attitude to the Orthodox currents was more controversial. We are talking about A. Blok, L. Tolstoy, A. Pushkin and so on. In their work there is an indelible stamp, which indicates their Orthodox roots. Also, one should not forget the skeptical I. Turgenev. In his work "Living Power" is represented the image of people's holiness. Also of great interest is the Russian art culture of that time. We are talking about the paintings of K. Petrov-Vodkin, M. Vrubel, M. Nesterov. The origins of their creativity lie in the Orthodox iconography. Ancient church singing became a bright phenomenon of the history of musical culture. Here it is also possible to classify the later experiments of S. Rakhmaninov, P. Tchaikovsky and D. Bortnyansky.

Main contributions

Russian culture of the late 19th - early 20th century absorbed the best achievements of other nations and countries. At the same time, she did not lose her identity. In addition, there was a significant impact on the development of other cultures. As for the history of European nations, it left a considerable mark. First of all, we are talking about religious Russian thought. It was formed under the influence of the West. In turn, Western European culture was influenced by theology and philosophy. In particular, this can be traced in the first half of the XX century. A significant contribution to the development of Russian culture was made by M. Bakunin, N. Berdyaev, P. Florensky, S. Bulgakov, V. Solovyov, and many others. We should not forget about the "thunderstorm of the twelfth year". We are talking about a strong push to develop Russian culture. The Patriotic War is inextricably linked with the growth of national self-consciousness and the formation of "Decembrism." It also influenced the traditions of Russian culture. V. Belinsky wrote that the year shook the whole country, while it aroused popular pride and consciousness.

Features of the historical process

His pace was noticeably accelerated. This is due to the above factors. The differentiation of different areas of cultural activity was in full swing. In particular, this can be traced in science. The cultural process also became more complicated. There was a greater interaction between different spheres. In particular, this refers to music, literature, philosophy and so on. Also, it should be noted that the processes of interaction between the constituent elements of the national culture have intensified. This is its official part, which was under the care of the state, and the region of the masses (that is, the folklore layer). The latter is a native of the eastern Slavic tribal alliances. This layer was formed in ancient Russia. It fully existed throughout the history of Russia. As for the depths of official state culture, the presence of an "elite" layer can be traced here. It served the ruling class. First of all, this refers to the royal court and the aristocracy. This layer was quite susceptible to foreign innovations. In this case, it is appropriate to mention the romantic paintings of A. Ivanov, K. Bryullov, V. Tropinin, O. Kiprensky and other famous artists of the XIX century.

The influence of the 18th century

In the first half of it appeared intellectuals-raznochintsy. By the end of the century a special social group emerged. It's about the serf intelligentsia. There were poets, musicians, architects and painters. If at the beginning of the century leading roles belonged to the nobility intelligentsia, then in the end - raznochintsam. The composition of this layer began to infiltrate the peasantry. In particular, this was felt after the abolition of serfdom. The raznochintsy could include the educated representatives of the democratic and liberal bourgeoisie. It was impossible to say that they belonged to the nobility. Rather, they can be attributed to the peasantry, merchants, philistinism and bureaucracy. This confirms such important features of Russian culture as the beginning of its democratization processes. Their essence lies in the fact that not only members of privileged classes became educated personalities. Nevertheless, the leading place still belonged to them. The number of scientists, composers, artists, poets, and writers from the non-privileged strata increased. In particular, this refers to the serf peasantry, and mainly from the circle of raznochintsy.

Fruits of the XIX century

The art of Russian culture continues to develop actively. Literature becomes its leading domain. First of all, the influence of the progressive-liberation ideology is traced here. In fact, many works of that period are filled with revolutionary, military appeals, as well as political pamphlets. This is the key importance of Russian culture. She was very inspiring to the advanced youth. It was felt the reign of the spirit of struggle and opposition. He permeated the works of progressive writers. Thus, literature has become one of the most active forces of society. You can take, for example, the richest world classics and make a comparison of Russian culture. Even on its background, the literature of the last century is an exceptional phenomenon. Tolstoy's prose and Pushkin's poetry can be called a real miracle. Yasnaya Polyana has become an intellectual capital not by chance.

Contribution of A. Pushkin

It's hard to say what would be the culture of Russia without it. A. Pushkin is the founder of domestic realism. Suffice it to recall "Eugene Onegin." This novel in verse was called the famous critic of the encyclopedia of Russian life. This is the highest expression of realism in the works of genius. Also to the outstanding examples of this direction of literature include the novella "Dubrovsky", "The Captain's Daughter", the drama "Boris Godunov." As for Pushkin's world significance, it is inextricably linked with the understanding of the universal significance of the tradition that he himself created. He paved the literary road for A. Chekhov, L. Tolstoy, F. Dostoyevsky, I. Turgenev, N. Gogol, M. Lermontov. It became a full-fledged fact of Russian culture. In addition, this road represents the most important moment of the spiritual development of mankind.

Contribution of Lermontov

He can be called the successor and younger contemporary of Pushkin. First of all, it is worth highlighting the "Hero of Our Time". One can not but note his consonance with the novel "Eugene Onegin". Meanwhile, the "Hero of Our Time" is the peak of Lermontov's realism. His work represents the highest point in the evolution of the poetry of the post-Pushkin era. Thanks to this, new ways were opened for the development of national prose. Creativity Byron - the main aesthetic landmark. Russian romantic individualism implies the existence of a cult of titanic passions. Also here you can include lyrical expression and extreme situations, which are combined with philosophical self-deepening. Thus, Lermontov's attraction to the lyric epic poem, romance and ballad becomes understandable. A special place in them is love. Also, do not forget about the "dialectic of feelings" - Lermontov's method of psychological analysis, which made a significant contribution to the subsequent literature.

Gogol's research

His work developed from romantic forms to realism. Gogol's works have brought much to the development of Russian literature. As an example, you can take "Evenings on a Farm near Dikanka". Here is embodied the concept of Little Russia - a kind of Slavic Ancient Rome. It's like a whole continent on the map of the universe. Dikanka is its peculiar center, the center of national destiny and spiritual specifics. In addition, Gogol founded a "natural school". It's about critical realism. Russian culture of the 20th century was marked by the universal recognition of Gogol. Since that moment it has become an active and growing element of world literary progress. His work has a deep philosophical potential, which is designated gradually.

Tolstoy's contribution

His brilliant work deserves special attention. It has become a new stage in the development of world and Russian realism. First of all, it is worth highlighting the power and novelty of Tolstoy's creativity. Here, a lot depended on the democratic roots of his activities, moral search and the world outlook. Tolstoy's realism is distinguished by a special truthfulness. Also it is impossible not to single out the directness and frankness of tone. A consequence of this is a sharp discovery of social contradictions and a crushing force. "War and Peace" is a special phenomenon in the world and Russian literature. This is a unique phenomenon of Tolstoy's art. It is a question of a brilliant combination of a multi-figure epic "fresco" and a psychological novel with a grand scale. The first part of the work was printed a long time ago. Over this time, several generations of readers have changed. Nevertheless, "War and Peace" continues to be a relevant work for all ages. Yu. Nagibin, a modern writer, called this work an eternal companion of man. It is dedicated to the disastrous war of the XIX century. It affirms the moral idea of the triumph of life over death. Russian culture of the 20th century betrayed this colossal significance.

Dostoevsky's research

It remains to be amazed at their titanic character. Dostoevsky is a great Russian writer. His moral research is somewhat different from Tolstoy's. First of all, this manifests itself in the absence of analysis of epic scales. That is, there is no description of what is happening. We have to "go underground". Only in this way can you see what is really happening. Thanks to this, it is possible to look at ourselves. Dostoevsky had an amazing ability, which consisted in penetrating into the very essence of the human soul. As a result, they were given a description of modern nihilism. This attitude of the mind has been characterized by him indelibly. Readers are still fascinated by inexplicable accuracy and depth. As for ancient nihilism, it was inextricably linked with Epicureanism and skepticism. His ideal is a noble serenity. It also refers to the achievement of peace of mind before the vicissitudes of fortune.

Alexander the Great in his time was deeply impressed by the nihilism of Ancient India. The same was felt by his entourage. If you take into account the philosophical attitude, then this is somewhat similar to the position of Pyrrho of Elis. The result is the contemplation of emptiness. As for Nagarjuna, for him and his followers, nihilism was the vestige of religion.

The current is somewhat different from the past. His foundation is still intellectual conviction. This is not a blessed state of equanimity or philosophical impassivity. Rather, it is about the inability to create and approve. This is not a philosophy, but a spiritual flaw.

The main stages of the heyday of musical art

The XIX century was distinguished by the intensive development of literature. Along with this, the musical culture of Russia brightened up brightly. At the same time, she was in close interaction with literature. Thus, Russian art culture was intensively enriched. Absolutely new images appeared. The aesthetic ideal of Rimsky-Korsakov is at the heart of his musical creativity. Fine in art is for him an unconditional value. His operas are filled with images of a highly poetic world. This clearly shows that art has a dual power. It transforms and conquers man. In Rimsky-Korsakov this function of art is combined with his idea of the quality of the means for moral perfection. This cult is inextricably linked with the romantic affirmation of the Human Creator. He is involved in confrontation with the alienating tendencies of the past. This music exalts everything human. Its goal is to bring salvation from the "terrible deceit" that is inherent in the bourgeois age. This is another meaning of Russian culture. Thanks to it, society benefits and a great civil goal is acquired. Creativity P. Tchaikovsky made a huge contribution to the flowering of the national musical culture. He wrote many beautiful works. Opera "Eugene Onegin" was of an experimental nature. In addition, the author himself treats it as "lyrical scenes." The innovative essence of the opera is the reflection of new advanced literature.

Russian culture of the early 20th century

It should be noted that at the turn of the XIX-XX centuries, In the country there were quite complex historical and political events. It was thanks to them that Russian culture of the early 20th century was enriched by a variety of forms and directions. It has acquired new tendencies, which required the comprehension of the social and moral problems that have arisen. It should be said that by the beginning of the 20th century, Russia was a country with a large number of illiterate people. The educational system included three stages: higher, secondary and primary. The development of the latter began with the initiative of a democratic group of society. As a result, schools of an updated type began to appear. Russian culture of the late 19th - early 20th century had a great impact on the development of education and the increase of literacy of the population. Among the advanced educational institutions it is necessary to note workers' educational societies and courses, as well as people's homes. Russian culture of the late 19th and early 20th centuries had an impact not only on life inside the state, but also beyond its borders.

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