HealthMedicine

Radiography is a method of studying the internal structure of objects using X-rays. Reviews, contraindications

Radiography is one of the research methods based on obtaining a fixed X-ray image on a specific carrier, most often in this role is an X-ray film.

The newest digital devices can fix this image also on paper or on the display screen.

The radiography of organs on the passage of rays through the anatomical structures of the body is based, as a result of which the projection image is obtained. Most often the x-ray is used as a diagnostic method. For greater informativeness, it is better to perform X-ray images in two projections. This will allow to more accurately determine the location of the organ under investigation and the presence of pathology, if any.

The most commonly resorted to the study of the chest using this method, but X-rays of other internal organs can also be done. There is an X-ray room in almost every clinic, so it is not difficult to pass such an investigation.

What is the purpose of radiography?

This type of research is carried out for the purpose of diagnosing specific lesions of internal organs in infectious diseases:

  • Inflammation of the lungs.
  • Myocarditis.
  • Arthritis.

To detect diseases of the respiratory and heart organs with the help of X-ray is also possible. In some cases, in the presence of individual indications, radiography is necessary to study the skull, spinal column, joints, organs of the digestive tract.

Indications for conduction

If for the diagnosis of certain diseases X-ray is an additional method of investigation, in some cases it is prescribed as mandatory. Usually this happens if:

  1. There is confirmed damage to the lungs, heart or other internal organs.
  2. It is necessary to monitor the effectiveness of therapy.
  3. There is a need to check the correct installation of the catheter and endotracheal tube.

Radiography is a method of research that is used universally, it does not pose a particular challenge for either the medical staff or the patient. A snapshot is the same medical document as other research findings, so it may be presented to different specialists to clarify or confirm the diagnosis.

Most often, each of us undergoes a chest x-ray. The main indicators for its implementation are:

  • A prolonged cough accompanied by pain in the chest.
  • Identification of tuberculosis, lung tumors, pneumonia or pleurisy.
  • Suspicion of thromboembolism of the pulmonary artery.
  • There are signs of heart failure.
  • Traumatic lung injury, rib fractures.
  • The ingress of foreign bodies into the esophagus, stomach, trachea or bronchi.
  • Preventative inspection.

Quite often, when it is required to undergo a complete examination, radiography is prescribed among other methods.

Benefits of X-rays

Despite the fact that many patients are afraid of once again receiving radiation dose while undergoing radiography, this method has many advantages in comparison with other studies:

  • It is not only the most accessible, but also quite informative.
  • Quite high spatial resolution.
  • To conduct such a study, special training is not necessary.
  • X-ray images can be stored for a long time to monitor the dynamics of treatment and identify complications.
  • Assess the picture can not only doctors, radiologists, but also other specialists.
  • It is possible to carry out X-rays even to bed patients using a mobile device.
  • This method is also considered one of the cheapest.

So, if you go through such research at least once a year, you will not harm the body, but it is quite possible to identify serious diseases at the initial stage of development.

Methods of X-ray diffraction

Currently, there are two ways to conduct an X-ray:

  1. Analog.
  2. Digital.

The first one is older, time-tested, but it takes some time to display the image and see the result on it. The digital method is considered new and now it is gradually replacing the analog one. The result is displayed immediately on the screen, and you can print it out, not once.

Digital radiography has its advantages:

  • Significantly improves the quality of images, and therefore informative.
  • Simplicity of the research.
  • The possibility of obtaining an instant result.
  • The radial load decreases.
  • On the computer, it is possible to process the result with a change in brightness and contrast, which allows you to more accurately perform quantitative measurements.
  • Results can be stored for a long time in electronic archives, you can even transfer them over distances to the Internet.
  • Economic efficiency.

X-rays

Despite numerous advantages, the method of radiography has its drawbacks:

  1. The image in the image is obtained static, which does not give an opportunity to evaluate the functionality of the organ.
  2. In the study of small foci, informativity is inadequate.
  3. Poorly revealed changes in soft tissues.
  4. And, of course, we can not say about the negative effect of ionizing radiation on the body.

But anyway, radiography is a method that continues to be the most common method for detecting lung and heart pathologies. It is he who helps to identify tuberculosis at an early stage and save millions of lives.

Preparation for X-ray examination

This method of research is different in that it does not require special preparatory measures. It is only necessary at the appointed time to come to the X-ray room and do x-rays.

If such research is appointed for the purpose of examination of the digestive tract, then the following methods of preparation will be required:

  • If there are no abnormalities in the digestive tract, then special measures should not be taken. When excessive flatulence or constipation is recommended to put a cleansing enema 2 hours before the study.
  • If there is a large amount of food (liquid) in the stomach, rinse should be done.
  • Before the cholecystography is used radiopaque preparation, which penetrates the liver and accumulates in the gallbladder. To determine the contractility of the gallbladder, the patient is given a cholagogue.
  • To holegraphy was more informative, before it is administered intravenously a contrast agent, for example, "Bilignost", "Bilitrast."
  • Preceding irrigography contrast enema with barium sulfate. Before this, the patient should drink 30 g of castor oil, in the evening make a cleansing enema, do not have supper.

Technique of research

At present, almost everyone knows where to make an X-ray, what this study represents . The methodology of its implementation is as follows:

  1. The patient is placed in front of the X-ray machine, if required, the study is carried out in a sitting or lying position on a special table.
  2. If there are tubes or hoses inserted, it must be ensured that they have not shifted during preparation.
  3. Until the end of the study, the patient is prohibited from making any movements.
  4. The medical worker leaves the room before the radiography begins, if his presence is necessary, he puts on a lead apron.
  5. Pictures are often made in several projections for greater informativeness.
  6. After the development of the pictures, they are checked for their quality, if necessary, a re-examination may be required.
  7. To reduce projection distortion, it is necessary to place a part of the body as close as possible to the cassette.

If the radiography is carried out on a digital apparatus, then the image is displayed on the screen, and the doctor can immediately see deviations from the norm. Results are stored in the database and can be stored for a long time, if necessary, you can print on paper.

How is the interpretation of the results of radiography

After carrying out the radiography, it is necessary to correctly interpret its results. For this, the doctor estimates:

  • Location of internal organs.
  • Integrity of bone structures.
  • The location of the roots of the lungs and their contrast.
  • How important are the main and minor bronchi.
  • Transparency of lung tissue, the presence of blackouts.

If the radiography of the skull was carried out, then it is necessary to identify:

  • Presence of fractures.
  • Expressed intracranial hypertension with an increase in the brain.
  • The pathology of the "Turkish saddle", which appears as a result of increased intracranial pressure.
  • Presence of brain tumors.

To put the correct diagnosis, the results of radiographic research must necessarily be compared with other analyzes and functional tests.

Contraindications to X-rays

Everyone knows that the radiation loads experienced by the body during such a study can lead to radiation mutations, despite the fact that they are insignificant. To minimize the risk, it is necessary to do x-rays only strictly according to the doctor's prescription and in compliance with all the rules of protection.

It is necessary to distinguish between diagnostic and preventive radiography. The first has practically no absolute contraindications, but it must be remembered that it is also not recommended to do it to everyone. Such a study should be justified, it is not worth it to appoint it yourself.

Even during pregnancy, if other methods fail to deliver the correct diagnosis, it is not forbidden to resort to radiography. The risk to the patient is always less than the harm that can be brought in time by the unidentified disease.

In order to prevent radiography, it is forbidden for pregnant women and children under 14 years old.

Radiographic examination of the spine

Radiography of the spine is carried out quite often, indications for its conduct are:

  1. Pain in the back or limbs, the appearance of a feeling of numbness.
  2. Identification of degenerative changes in intervertebral discs.
  3. The need to identify spinal trauma.
  4. Diagnosis of inflammatory diseases of the spinal column.
  5. Detection of curvature of the spine.
  6. If there is a need to recognize congenital anomalies in the development of the spine.
  7. Diagnosis of changes after surgery.

The procedure of roentgenography of the spine in the prone position is carried out, it is first necessary to remove all ornaments from itself and undress to the waist.

The doctor usually warns that during the examination you can not move so that the pictures do not turn out to be blurry. The procedure does not take more than 15 minutes and the patient does not cause inconvenience.

There are contraindications for carrying out a roentgenography of the spine:

  • Pregnancy.
  • If an X-ray study using a barium compound was done in the last 4 hours. In this case, the images are not qualitative.
  • Obesity also does not allow you to get informative pictures.

In all other cases this method of investigation has no contraindications.

X-ray of the joints

Such diagnostics is one of the main methods of examination of the osteoarticular apparatus. Radiography of the joints can show:

  • Disturbances in the structure of articular surfaces.
  • The presence of bone growths along the edge of the cartilaginous tissue.
  • Sites of calcium deposition.
  • The development of flat feet.
  • Arthritis, arthrosis.
  • Congenital pathologies of bone structures.

Such a study helps not only to identify abnormalities and abnormalities, but also to recognize complications, as well as determine the tactics of treatment.

Indications for radiography of joints can be:

  • Pain in the joint.
  • Change its shape.
  • Painful sensations during movements.
  • Limited mobility in the joint.
  • The resulting injury.

If there is a need to undergo such a study, it is better to ask the attending physician where to do the joint x-rays to get the most reliable result.

Requirements for conducting radiation research

In order for the X-ray study to produce the most effective result, it should be performed in compliance with certain requirements:

  1. The investigated area should be located in the center of the picture.
  2. If there is damage to the tubular bones, one of the adjacent joints must be visible in the picture.
  3. If the fracture of one of the bones of the lower leg or forearm in the image should be recorded, both joints.
  4. It is desirable to conduct radiography in different planes.
  5. If there are pathological changes in the joints or bones, then it is necessary to take a picture of a symmetrically located healthy area, so that you can compare and evaluate the changes.
  6. To make the correct diagnosis, the quality of the images should be high, otherwise a repeat procedure will be required.

If you comply with all these recommendations, then you can not doubt that the radiography will give the most informative result.

How often can I take a radiograph

The effect of irradiation on the body depends not only on the duration, but also on the intensity of the exposure. The dose directly depends also on the equipment on which the research is conducted, what it is newer and more modern, the lower it is.

Also, it should be taken into account that for different parts of the body there is a norm of irradiation, since all organs and tissues have different sensitivity.

Carrying out x-rays on digital devices reduces the dose several times, so they can be passed on more often. It is clear that any dose is harmful to the body, but it should also be understood that radiography is a study that can detect dangerous diseases, the harm of which is much greater for a person.

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