Physical qualities are ... Basic physical qualities. Physical quality: strength, agility

Physical qualities are what? The answer to this question will be considered in the article presented. In addition, we will tell you about what kinds of physical qualities exist, and what is their role in human life.

general information

The physical qualities of a person are understood as socially conditioned totality of mental and biological properties. In other words, physical qualities are the readiness of people to carry out any motor activity (more often active). It should be specially noted that they differ from other qualities of personality only in that they are manifested during the solution of motor problems by means of motor actions.

Physical abilities

Physical qualities are what? Now you know the answer to the question asked. But, considering such properties of a person, one can not mention his abilities. Thus, physical abilities are understood as acquired or innate functional, as well as relatively stable capabilities of the structures of the body and its organs, the interaction of which leads to the effective performance of motor actions.

What is conditioned?

The above ideas about the physical qualities and abilities of a person can make the following types:

• In the basis of education of such properties, first of all, development of physical abilities of the person lies. It should also be noted that the more they are developed, the more steadily manifested in the solution of various tasks (motor).
• The development of physical abilities depends on the innate inclinations of man, which determine the individual capabilities and functions of the structures of the organism or individual organs. The more reliable their interaction, the more stable the expression of the corresponding abilities.
• Education of the physical qualities of a person is achieved by solving various motor problems. As for physical abilities, they develop through the performance of certain motor tasks.

Characteristics of physical qualities of a person

As you know, absolutely anyone can easily learn to ride a bike or skate. However, this does not mean that everyone is able to drive 100 km on a two-wheeled friend or run 10,000 meters on slippery ice. Such actions can be fully implemented only those who have a well-developed strength, endurance, quickness, agility and flexibility. It is these words that mark the motor physical qualities of a person.

It should be specially noted that without sufficient development of such properties, the athlete can not dream of any successes and achievements. His basic physical qualities develop during regular training, as well as various exercises. At the same time depends on the degree of their intensity and focus, this or that physical preparation. So, the all-round development of all qualities is called general, and only necessary in a specific sport - special training.

The power of man

As a physical quality, force is defined through the totality of certain abilities that provide a measure of the impact of a person on external objects or objects.

As a rule, the power capabilities of people are manifested only through the force of action (measured in kilograms), which, in turn, develops due to muscle strains. Its manifestations depend to a greater or lesser extent on such external and internal factors as the amount of burden, the location of the body, as well as its individual elements in space, and the functional state of the human muscular tissues and its mental state.

By the way, it is the location of the body and its individual links in space that allows to influence the magnitude of the force. This is due to a different stretching of muscle tissue with different human postures. In other words, the more muscles are stretched, the greater the magnitude of the force.

Among other things, the physical quality of the force, or rather its manifestation, depends on the ratio of breathing and the phases of motion. Its greatest value is determined by straining, and the smallest by inhalation.

Types of forces

Strength can be absolute or relative. The first is determined without taking into account the body weight the maximum indicators of muscle strains. As for the second, such a force is calculated in the form of a ratio of the absolute value to the body's own mass.

Ways to develop abilities

The degree of manifestation of power capabilities depends on the number of muscle tissues that are involved in the work, as well as the characteristics of their contractions. In accordance with this, two ways of their development are distinguished:

1. Use all kinds of exercises with maximum effort. Such tasks presuppose the performance of certain motor actions with circumscribed or limiting burdens. This method allows you to maximize mobilize the neuromuscular apparatus and give the greatest increase in power abilities.
2. Use of all kinds of exercises with unlimited burdens. This method is characterized by the performance of certain motor actions with the maximum possible number of repetitions. This happens with small burdens. This method allows you to perform a huge amount of work and provide accelerated growth of muscles. It should also be noted that unsaturated weights are unable to complicate the control of traffic techniques. With this mode of operation, the result is achieved over time.

Endurance of the person

Physical quality endurance is determined through a combination of certain abilities, as well as maintaining a long work in different power zones (moderate, large, near-limit and maximum load). At the same time, each zone has its own specific complex of reactions of the structures of the organism and its organs.

The duration of mechanical work before fatigue is divided into 3 phases:

1. Initial fatigue.
2. Compensated.
3. Decompensated.

The first phase is characterized as the appearance of initial signs of fatigue. The second is as progressively deepening fatigue, namely maintaining the already existing intensity of work by partially changing the structure of the motor process (for example, reducing the length or increasing the pace of steps when running), as well as additional willful efforts. The third phase is a high degree of fatigue, which leads to a marked decrease in the intensity of work until its complete cessation.

Types of endurance

In practice and the theory of physical education endurance is divided into:

• Special;
• Common.

Endurance special is characterized by the duration of work, which, in turn, depends on the degree of fatigue and problem solving (motor). As for the general, it means continuous work with the connection of all life support structures of the body and organs.

Classification of special endurance

Virtually all the basic physical qualities have their types and subspecies. So, special endurance is classified according to the following criteria:

• Motor action, by means of which motor tasks are solved (for example, hopping endurance);
• Motor activity, in which conditions motor tasks are solved (for example, game endurance);
• Interaction with other physical qualities, which are extremely necessary for the successful solution of motor tasks.

Endurance education

Endurance of a man is brought up by solving motor tasks that require the mobilization of biological and mental processes at the end of the preceding phase or compensatory fatigue. Such conditions should provide several options for working with a changing structure of motor action and loads.

The main in the development of endurance is the method of regulated exercise, which allows you to accurately specify the volume and magnitude of the load. In pauses for rest athletes usually perform tasks to relax the muscles, breathing, as well as the development of mobility of the joints.

With submaximal loads, endurance should be developed only after coordination exercises. The intervals for rest, duration and number of such exercises should be correlated with the type of previous work.

Fastness of the person

Physical quality is expressed by a combination of speed abilities, which include:

• Speed of a single movement, which is not burdened by external resistance;
• Rapidity of motor reactions;
• Frequency or rate of movement.

Most of the physical abilities that characterize speed, their constituent elements are included in other physical qualities, including the quality of dexterity. Speed is developed by solving various motor tasks, the success of which is determined by the minimum amount of time allotted for their implementation.

The choice of exercises for the education of this quality requires compliance with certain methodological provisions (high possession of the technique of motor action, the optimal state of the organism, which ensures high performance athlete).

Considering such a physical quality, we can not fail to mention the speed of the motor reaction. It is characterized by a minimum duration from the delivery of a certain signal before the commencement of movements. In turn, such complex reactions are subdivided into reactions of a moving object and a choice. The latter is a response by some movement to signals. The conditions for the education of this quality are high emotionality and increased capacity for work of a person, as well as the desire to carry out the assignment to the maximum possible result.

Dexterity of man

Dexterity as a physical quality is expressed by a set of coordination abilities and the ability to perform certain motor actions with a given amplitude of movements. This property is brought up by athletes through training in motor activities, as well as finding solutions to motor tasks that require a constant change in the principle of action.

With the development of dexterity, an obligatory condition is the novelty of the task being learned and the methods of applying it. In turn, this element is supported by the coordination complexity of the action, as well as the creation of external conditions that make the exercise difficult.

What is coordination ability?

Such abilities are associated with the ability to manage movements in space and include:

• Spatial orientation;
• Dynamic and static equilibrium;
• Accuracy of reproduction of certain movements by force, time and spatial parameters.

Spatial orientation is the preservation of ideas about changes in external conditions or situations. Also, this element implies the ability to rebuild motor actions in accordance with existing changes. In this case, the athlete should not just react to the external environment. He is obliged to take into account its dynamics of change and carry out the forecast of forthcoming events, and only on the basis of this, to build its program of actions, which is aimed at achieving the necessary result.

Reproduction of temporal, force and spatial parameters of movements, as a rule, is manifested in the accuracy of certain motor processes. Their development is carried out by the improvement of sensitive mechanisms.

Static balance is manifested by prolonged preservation of certain postures of the athlete. As for the dynamic, it is, on the contrary, characterized by the preservation of the direction of movement with continuously changing poses.

Flexibility of man

Flexibility is the ability of a person to produce motor actions with a certain amplitude. This quality is characterized by the degree of mobility in the joints, as well as the state of muscle tissue.

Poorly developed flexibility greatly complicates the coordination of movements and limits the spatial movements of the body and its parts.

Types of flexibility and its development

Flexibility is active and passive. The first is expressed by the amplitude of the movements, which are due to the tension of their own muscle tissues that serve a certain joint. The second flexibility is also determined by the amplitude, but already the actions performed under the direct impact of some external forces. And its magnitude is always greater than the active one. After all, under the influence of fatigue, the active flexibility noticeably decreases, and the passive, on the contrary, increases.

The development of flexibility occurs through a repeated method, that is, when all the stretching exercises are performed in series. In this case, the active and passive species are developed in parallel.

Let's sum up the results

Physical qualities are those qualities of a person that develop due to intensive and regular loads. And such loads can have a double effect, namely:

• Increase resistance to oxygen starvation;
• Increase the cardiovascular and respiratory systems.

In the process of education of any physical quality, a person necessarily influences everyone else. By the way, the magnitude and nature of this influence depends on two factors: the level of physical preparedness and the features of the loads used.

It should also be noted that the development of the presented abilities at the initial stages of classes often leads to the improvement of others. However, in the future this ceases. Thus, with exercises that previously influenced the development of all qualities, only some of them will now be affected. It is for this reason that an incompatible task is the simultaneous achievement of maximum endurance and strength (for example, running at a marathon and lifting a large weight). Although it should be borne in mind that the highest degree of manifestation of one physical quality can be achieved only with the development of others.