Inventories: decoding. Inventory rules for goods and materials

All of us at work are faced with a huge number of items around us: inventory, equipment, office equipment, furniture, stationery, but what else is there ... But how are these things properly called in accounting and what is this concept? So, the theme of our today's conversation: "TMC: decoding, essence, methods and rules for their evaluation." Have you started?

What is Inventories

Inventories are commodity-material assets, that is, assets of the organization that are used as raw materials, materials in the process of production, intended for further sale, provision of services. In other words, everything that an enterprise has is a commodity inventory. Decoding, as you can see, is simple. And so many believe, until it comes to the recording and evaluation of these very values.

According to the Federal Law No. 129-FZ and the Regulations on Accounting in the Russian Federation, organizations should periodically conduct an inventory. About what this procedure is, and we will go further. So…

Inventory at the enterprise: what it is and why it is needed

What is the TMC, we have briefly understood. And what is an inventory? This is a test of the real availability of material assets in the enterprise. It is conducted for the purpose of controlling property and funds. The end result of the event is a comparison of the actual balance of material values indicated in the inventory, with the data of accounting at the time of re-inventory.

It is possible to conduct a complete inventory or selective by decision of the management. Below we will consider the basic rules of inventory inventory.

We operate in accordance with the law

For reliable accounting and reporting, organizations should conduct an inventory of their property, during which they verify and document its status, assessment and availability. The timing of this event and its order are determined by management.

There are cases when the inventory is mandatory:

1. When renting property, selling, redemption.
2. Before the annual report.
3. When changing the responsible person.
4. If there is a shortage, a fire, in other extreme situations.
5. In other cases, according to the legislation of the Russian Federation.

The discrepancies between the actual quantity of property and accounting data found in the inventory entry will be reflected in the accounts in this order:

1. Surpluses of property are received, and a certain amount is recorded on the financial result of the enterprise.
2. Shortcomings within the limits of the norm are attributed to the natural costs of production. Everything that exceeds the norms is exacted from the guilty persons. If the perpetrators are not identified or their guilt is not proven, then the shortage is attributed to the financial result.

The reasons for the inventory inventory

Before carrying out the inventory, the director signs the order in the form of INVB-22. It is prepared, as a rule, no later than ten days before the event. In this document, the reasons for the inventory are also indicated. They can be different:

1. Control check.
2. Change of materially responsible persons.
3. Identifying the facts of theft.
4. Transfer of property for sale, lease, redemption.
5. In case of extraordinary events.

Inventory types

1. Complete. It affects all property and liabilities of the firm. This is a very labor-intensive process, conducted once a year before the submission of the annual report.
2. Partial. Its purpose is to analyze one kind of enterprise funds.
3. Selective. This is a kind of partial inventory, which is spent on discounted goods, spoiled and obsolete.

There is one more classification. By types of economic activities distinguish planned, unplanned and re-inventory. Scheduled conduct periodically on schedule. Unplanned - this is a sudden check. Well, repeated are carried out in cases of necessity, when there were problems with the data of the main check, to clarify some positions.

Stages of inventory

The inventory process itself consists of several stages. The first is the preparatory one. Here everything is simple. This preparation of values for recount, as well as the preparation of all documents, the compilation of lists of all materially responsible persons, the definition of methods and timing of the event.

The second stage is the actual verification of the real availability of material values and the compilation of inventory inventories. It should be noted that the acts and inventories are compiled according to standard forms and are the primary accounting documents. You can write them by hand, and you can print them. In any case, they must be properly decorated.

The inventories indicate the commodity-material values, their quantity and value. Errors in the compilation of statements are necessarily corrected in both copies. Incorrect entries are crossed out with one line, and the correct value is inscribed above it. All corrections are agreed between the commission members and materially responsible persons. In the inventories, you can not leave blank lines (if there is space left, dashes are placed). Vedomosti is signed by all members of the commission and materially responsible persons.

If the re-account was made due to the change of the responsible persons, the act at the end is signed by a new materially responsible person, confirming that he accepted the commodities inventory.

The third stage - very important - is the analysis of inventory inventories and reconciliation of information with what is listed in the accounting records. In fact, the difference between the actual availability of values and accounting data is revealed. Then the leadership looks for the reasons for the discrepancies, if any.

Well, the fourth stage - the correct documentation. It is at this stage that the results of the inventory should be brought into strict conformity with the accounting data. The financially responsible persons guilty of incorrect registration are punished.

This is how inventory inventory is conducted. Decoding of this concept and the essence of the procedure are already known to you. We also considered the stages of holding so unloved by many (yes practically all) events. And now let's talk about what should be attributed to commodity-material values in fact. Is all property valuable? What methods exist today for the valuation of inventories?

Methods for valuation of inventories

As already mentioned, the TMC (the decoding is given at the beginning of the article) is the term used to determine the materials owned by the enterprise. They can also be intended for sale to the consumer or used in the production of their own products. There are several common methods for assessing them:

1. A piece estimate. Individually, each unit of the product.
2. The method of the first stock, otherwise known as the "First in stock - the first in production" (FIFO method). It is based on the assumption that those inventories that are the longest in stock are most quickly sold or used.
3. The method of the last stock, the second name - "Last in stock - first in production" (LIFO). The valuation is based on the assumption that the goods purchased by the latter will be sold first.
4. A technique of average cost. In this case, it is assumed that all commodities are mixed in a random sequence, and the sale occurs at random.
5. The moving average method. Here it is assumed that the flow of goods is randomly mixed with each new arrival of goods, and their sale occurs just as randomly.

Combining different methods

It should be noted that for the benefit of the enterprise it is possible to combine all possible methods of valuing inventories. If there are homogeneous stocks with constant prices, then one method can be used. In practice, such cases are extremely rare. After all, usually the materials are very different, because they use different methods. Reserves are conditionally combined into groups, and each applies its own method. You decide which options to choose, the main thing is that it is fixed in the accounting policy of the enterprise.

In this article, we discussed how the inventory is deciphered, what methods exist for valuing the firm's property, what is and why inventory inventory is needed and how it is implemented. All these questions are not so complicated, however, a beginner in the field of accounting may face certain problems. However, they are solved with the accumulation of experience, the main thing is to understand what should be attributed to commodity-material values, because this will greatly facilitate their proper accounting.