Industrial revolution. Features of the industrial revolution in the US and Russia

The industrial revolution, which began in England in the late 18th century and subsequently affected developed countries (in the 19th century), was a substitute for manual production by machine, the transition to a factory from the manufactory. The leading social classes are the workers and the bourgeoisie. The basis of production is a factory and a factory equipped with machines.

Industrial revolution was gradual. In the first half of the 19th century, the revolution after England embraced the United States. Then came the industrial revolution in Europe. And in the eastern part of the industrial revolution has not ended.

The beginning of the industrial revolution affected the light industry. Then, the machine industry began to cover other production branches. This period was marked by technical inventions, including a lathe, a sewing machine, a new transport (steam locomotive and steamer), types of communication (radio, telegraph, telephone).

In the second half of the 19th century, the industrial revolution passed to a new stage of development. During this period, the engine of internal combustion engine was invented, a phonograph (a recording and reproducing device), oil, chemical production was discovered. People began to actively use electricity.

Industrial revolution took place in favorable conditions. They were created by the US education. Weaving machines and mechanical spinning wheels appeared in America in 1789. After the worker-emigrant from England Pleiter compiled a drawing of a loom, a year later the first textile factory production began to work in the USA. At the end of fifty years, the consumption of cotton in American factories grew more than twenty-two times.

It should be noted that the greatest activity on the introduction of steam engines was noted from the beginning of the forties of the 19th century. Such a relatively late introduction was due to the spread of the water engine, in comparison with the steam, cheaper.

Great importance in the development of the industrial revolution in America was attached to the construction of railways. Between 1830 and 1850, the railway network increased more than fivefold.

The growth of the extractive industry and the metallurgical industry was largely due to the mechanization of transport. Thus, in the first half of the 19th century, an increase in the output of pig iron was observed 12 times, and extraction of a corner was several thousand.

The industrial revolution enabled the US to develop its own engineering industry. So, in Pennsylvania, New York, large plants for the production of steam engines were built.

It should be noted that a great contribution to the development of industry in America was made by geniuses of engineering thought (Colt, Singer, Morse). The country was gaining traction in agricultural machinery, which was due to the growing needs of the farm. During the 40's - 50's in America, were created magnificent mechanical threshers, seeders, mowers and other equipment.

For fifty years in the US, the volume of imports has increased 4-fold, and exports to 3.7. However, in the middle of the 19th century, agricultural products and raw materials still occupied the leading positions in exports.

In Russia, the process of industrial revolution was inconsistent in the territorial and sectoral sector. This was the reason for a fairly long, half-century transition of the country from manual labor to automated production. Machine-building began in the cotton industry in the thirties, and ended in metallurgy in the eighties.

By the time of the abolition of serfdom, more than 60% of the output in the manufacturing industry was produced by freelance workers in factories and factories.

In the middle of the 19th century, about a hundred machine-building industries were founded, but manual labor continued to be used in metallurgy.