History of Saratov and Saratov region: chronology of outstanding events

Long standing on the Volga glorious ancient city of Saratov. It was founded in 1590 as a fortress protecting the south-eastern borders of Russia, and since that time people of many nationalities, Russians, have been living here for more than four centuries. The history of Saratov development is full of dramatic events, it is inseparable from the history of our state, and therefore very interesting. The city became the center of a vast region and home to many outstanding, talented people who served the Fatherland and manifested themselves in different fields.

Two names of Saratov

History has not kept all the facts associated with these places, but something is still known.

In the Middle Volga region people settled a very long time. Picturesque places rich in beast and fish, fertile lands, forests and other natural resources inspired the warriors of the Golden Horde to drive out the local inhabitants, the ancient Sarmatians who lived here from the 5th century BC. And build the city of Uvek, which became the third largest settlement in all Mongol-Tatar possessions. This happened, according to the assumptions of historians, in the period from VI to VII century AD. We can assume that it is from this time that the history of the emergence of Saratov begins, since Uvek was located on the territory of the present regional center of the Russian Federation, namely in Zavodskoy district. The modern name arose much later, when Russian servicemen built on the Sokolova Hill, which dominates the surrounding terrain, a fortress called a young fish town. He really is not old by the standards of our Motherland, for Russia 400 years - not age. So, the mentioned height of the Tatars was called Yellow. In Turkic language this name sounded like "Sary-tau" (yellow mountain).

The founder of the three "pearls of the Volga region" (Tsaritsyna, Samara and Saratov) became the Sovereign Prince G.O. Zasekin.

Wilderness

The fortress was erected on the left, gently sloping shore. It is not known what happened in 1813, but it burned down. Perhaps it happened during the next siege, or because of someone's negligence with the fire. Wooden cities in those days suffered from fires often. Not embarrassed by this circumstance, the inhabitants of the city moved to another, steep bank of the great Russian river, since there was a merger with another water obstacle (the Saratovka river), which contributes to the successful defense in case of what.

And to protect these places from the enemy-nomads was worth it. Fish here were always distinguished, stellate sturgeon, sturgeon, beluga, sterlet, not to mention ordinary pike and catfish. Already during the reign of Peter I the coat of arms of the city was formed. On it, three sterlets form a peculiar star, this symbol extends to neighboring settlements. The history of Saratov as the center of the vicegerency ends in 1782, when the city becomes a provincial center. He still remains a province, distant and quiet, as evidenced by the lines from the poem "Woe from Wit", written in 1824 by AS Pushkin. Griboyedov. "In the backwoods, in Saratov ..."

Troubles and riots

The life of the city, however, is difficult to call drowsy. Troubles, civil strifes, popular uprisings and wars have rolled through this land many times. In 1604, the passions around Ilya from Murom raged here, declaring themselves to be Peter Fedorovich, the son of the tsar. The peasant army of Stepan Razin occupied the city in 1670, and his leader placed his headquarters in it, the Cossack district. In another 37 years, the history of Saratov was supplemented by another dramatic episode, the siege of Kondraty Bulavin's troops. Twice the first Russian emperor Peter the Great (1695, 1722) visited here, and ordered to enlarge the areas occupied by the important settlement. The city and events connected with the name of another impostor, Emelian Pugachev, did not pass. Here he was arrested after the suppression of the riot.

Industrial development of the Saratov province of the XIX century

The boom in industrial development that gripped the Russian Empire in the 19th century influenced the rapid growth of the Volga region's industrial and trade potential. But earlier the main and most promising areas of economic activity were determined by the entrepreneurs of the region. Plants were built, as crafts and manufactories grew in leaps and bounds. By occupation, even called the streets of Saratov. History preserved them for descendants Kuznetskaya, Myasnitskaya, Salt, Silk, Tulupnaya, Brick two Kostrizhnye (Big and Small) (after the name of the waste of linen and hemp production). In the middle of the century before last, the general direction of development of the region shifted towards industrial and processing production. One and a half thousand mills have earned in the cities of the province (Khvalynsk, Volsk) and many villages. Local raw materials (high-quality clay) stimulated local entrepreneurs to build and develop factories that produce bricks and pottery. The technique used by industry required the infrastructure of maintenance and operation.

Great words of gratitude are deserved by the great Russian reformer PA. Stolypin, who served as governor here and lived on Volsky Street.

Saratov merchant

Trade is an indispensable companion of industry and crafts. Volga merchants in Russia were considered people of special, value, reputation, and therefore always holding the word. But in some cases and then, in the XIX century, it was required to check counterparties, especially when concluding serious contracts with unfamiliar partners. Here, among the first in Russia, a bureau of credit histories was organized. Saratov became the most important logistics center on the Volga, occupying the third-fourth place in the empire in terms of trade turnover.

The merchants of those decades cared not only about the profit, but sought to leave behind a good memory. Thanks to patrons of Azarov, Zlobin, Pozdeev and many others, the region was enriched with important cultural institutions (theater, art galleries, boarding houses). Temples, hospitals, gymnasiums, museums and many other institutions that are useful to society were built. Many merchants professed the Old Believers, and found themselves in the Volga region by the decree of Catherine the Great. They could find a common language with adherents of other faiths who lived in the region, and brought the province a huge benefit.

Soviet authority

The revolutionary events and the fratricidal war that followed them severely affected the economic and economic situation in the Volga region. The devastation was so significant that only by 1927 the region managed to reach some indicators that the former tsarist province could boast of. The New Economic Policy, proclaimed by the Bolshevik leadership, contributed to this. Collectivization radically changed the structure of the village, broke the established way of life, as a result of which the agricultural production fell into decay. In the province there were often cases of peasant unrest, expressed in the destruction of food detachments and the physical destruction of collectivist activists. These revolts were ruthlessly suppressed.

Thirtieth and fateful forties

During the thirties, there was an increase in industrial capacity, the share of industrial production became the dominant factor in the development of the region.

The history of the city of Saratov in the harsh war years revealed the enormous potential of the multinational region. The region was evacuated production, previously located in the territories that fell into the zone of temporary occupation. Among them there are sewing, machine-building and other enterprises. The Saratov men bravely fought on the fronts. For example, the number of natives of only one small regional center of the region, the city of Volsk, awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union, during the war years reached fifty.

Saratov Germans

German immigrants from the XVII century willingly settled in this fertile land. The history of Saratov and the province preserved for us the names of hundreds of settlements that had a German sound (Rosenberg, Unterdorf, Rosenberg, Balzer, etc.) The settlers retained their national identity, the Lutheran religion, language and culture, while becoming Russian people and patriots. Nemal and their contribution to the development of the region's economy.

German names began to disappear from the map back in 1915, during the German war. The Volga colonists were restored in rights after the February revolution. After the Bolsheviks came to power, despite their ambivalent attitude towards change, even the Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic of the Germans of the Volga region (ASSRNP), consisting of 22 cantons (a total area of 25 thousand square kilometers, four cities, almost 550 villages and settlements, More than 500 thousand people). In 1941, it was abolished, and the German population was deported, mainly to North Kazakhstan and Eastern Siberia. The disappearing administrative education is reminiscent of the two surviving names of the cities of Engels (Pokrovsk, located opposite Saratov through the Volga) and Marx (Marksstadt).

The main wealth, people

Today Saratov Gubernia is one of the most important regions of the Russian Federation, the largest industrial, cultural, scientific and educational center with a developed agricultural branch of the economy. It produces the famous Yak aircraft, the best cement in the world, carries out high-tech defense orders, builds various machines for peaceful purposes, produces food products and much more. But the main wealth of this beautiful region, which has become the heart of Russia, is still remarkable people, talented and hardworking. It was they who wrote the history of Saratov, Balashov, Volsk, Balakovo and all other cities, villages and towns of this beautiful land.

The mere enumeration of the famous Saratov natives would take too much time and space. Among them are writers Lev Kassil, Alexander Yakovlev, composers KS Petrov-Vodkin, PV Kuznetsov (the very one that composed the famous "Kalinka"), the world's first cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin, heroes-pilots Viktor Talalikhin and Yakov Shishkin , The creator of rocket complexes academician PD Grushin, artists Oleg Tabakov, Gleb and Oleg Yankovsky, poet-fabulist Krylov and many, many others. The history of the city of Saratov is associated with the names of the aircraft designer OK. Antonov, the writer Mikhail Bulgakov, the artist Vrubel, Yuri Bykov (creator of space communication systems), and all and not to list.

So many talented people could give birth and bring up only an unusual land.