History and philosophy of science, united in science or science about science

Very often, a comprehensive study of science is referred to as science of science. However, this term is very controversial. Professor Kopnin in particular believes that science can not be considered an independent science, because it does not have as such a general theory, a unified methodology and a precisely defined methodology. And although the disciplines that relate to the science of science, which are often referred to as logic, history and methodology of science, history and philosophy of science, have a common object, nevertheless they study it from completely different angles, which leads to a practical lack of points Contact of these disciplines with each other. As a result, there is an actual lack of a unified theory or at least a complex of theories in science science that could be integrated and rationalized in a comprehensive way.

Science science, to be exact, sciencemetry originates in the works of Price and the followers of his school. At that time, the essence of nakuometry was reduced to the use of statistics and content analysis of scientific publications existing at that time, sources used, the staff of scientists and material resources invested in science. In fact, it was the sociology of science, which studied the dynamics of the development of scientific institutionalization, the emergence and activity of scientific associations, both formal and informal, their fruitfulness and interaction among themselves. However, such a question as the history and philosophy of science was not considered in principle. Gradually, a separate direction was allocated in the science of science, which was called the psychology of science. In this direction, the key subject was scientific creativity, its internal intuitive mechanisms and motives, causes and factors of scientific insight of scientists, etc. At the same time, the direction of the economy of science, which considered the material specificity of the development of science, developed optimal schemes for financing the scientific sphere of activity, as well as the influence of economic factors on the branch developmental bias in science, in particular, the use of scientific achievements in production and their effectiveness. The emergence of all these directions and their unification in the science of science were due to the special influence of science and its achievements on society and its development.
Later, there were such disciplines as the logic and ethics of science, and many others. The knowledge gained in these areas allowed us to generalize everything known about scientific disciplines and form a single object and general theories that eventually provoked the emergence of such a science as a philosophy of science. Philosophy in science is one of the sections of philosophy and includes such areas as history and methodology in science, the study of its boundaries, the etymology of science and others. With the development of the philosophy of the scientific direction, special subdivisions, in particular, the history of science, have been singled out in it, which in turn has been divided into narrowly focused components (the history of natural, social and the history of technical sciences , etc.)
The philosophy of science is widely represented in the works of both foreign and domestic scientists. This causes a huge number of original concepts that offer a wide variety of models for the formation and development of sciences and epistemology. However, the key task in each of these concepts is to determine the role and significance of scientific knowledge, the characteristics of practical and theoretical activity, its impact on the development of society. Time history and philosophy of science began to be considered a single interrelated concept.

Thus, for today the history and philosophy of science is a whole complex of scientific directions and schools that answer many questions concerning modern science and the history of its formation and development.