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Hetman Daniel (Danilo) The Apostle

Danilo the Apostle - a bright political figure, a representative of the famous Cossack family, was born in Poltava in the village of Velikie Sorochintsy. In 1683 he inherited from his father, the hereditary Cossack Pavel Okhrimovich, a high rank of Mirgorod colonel, in which he served as no one else before him, reaching the hetman's club.

Expert in military affairs

Hetman Danilo the Apostle, whose biography mainly consists of his military achievements, was a brilliant diplomat and expert in military affairs. In 1689, as part of the 40,000-strong Cossack army, he took part in the campaign against Perekop against the Crimean Tatars, in 1693 and 1696 he opposed the Crimean Khanate. In 1697, distinguished himself in the Russian war against the Turks, from 1700 to 1706 fought against the Swedes, having conducted with his Cossack army a number of successful events: the defeat of the army of General Shlippenbach and the liberation of Warsaw from the enemy.

Ukraine is independent and free

Danilo the Apostle, being a great patriot of Ukraine and like-minded Ivan Mazepa, fervently supported the policy of the latter, openly moving in 1708 with his Mirgorod regiment on his side. True, for a short while ... The apostle dreamed of liberating Ukraine from Moscow's dependence and creating an alliance with Sweden. With these thoughts he turned to Ivan Mazepa, but, convinced of the impossibility of implementing the plan, turned away from him, began to closely cooperate with the Moscow authorities and act on their side in the hostilities. In 1711 Danilo took part in the Prut campaign of Peter I as the hetman of the Ukrainian rati, and in 1722, at the head of Cossack units of 10,000 men in the Russian army, campaigned against Persia.

Later, Danilo the Apostle fell in his ideological notions with Pavel Polubotok - the foreman, and with him sought to abolish the restrictive state rights of Ukraine established by the Malorossiysk collegium. He continued his opposition to Russian policy towards Ukraine even after the arrest of his companions.

Danilo the Apostle: biography. Hetman's election

In 1727, at the Great Council, the Apostle was elected hetman. Despite the 70-year-old age, the newly elected hetman enthusiastically took up the work on spiritual and political recovery of the atmosphere that reigned in the country after the activities of the Little Russian Collegium. And although the Moscow adviser Naumov was present in Ukraine, and Danilo Apostol's son was in Russia as a security against the possible betrayal of Moscow by his father, Danilo Apostol (photo you can see in this article) in 1728 purposefully visited St. Petersburg. The change of the sovereign (the death of Peter I, the accession to the throne of Peter II) did not stop Danilo Apostol in his patriotic plans, and on the day of Peter II's accession to the throne, he petitioned for the return of old liberties and rights to Ukraine under the terms of the treaty of 1654 concluded between the king and Bogdan Khmelnitsky. The result of this visit was the permission of the king:

  • On an independent choice of the hetman;
  • Transfer of the Hetman from under the authority of the imperial Senate under the authority of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs;
  • Reduction of the number of Russian troops on the territory of Ukraine;
  • Writing off taxes, counted by the Malorossiysk collegium.

Also, the tsar abolished compulsion to trade relations exclusively with Russia and the export of products only through Russian ports.

Decisive points for Ukraine

Thus, the partial return by the tsar of Ukraine of her freedoms and rights was a kind of tactical retreat and a kind of reaction to a change in the political conjuncture. Simultaneously, as a response of the emperor to such a bold move by Danilo the Apostle, the so-called Resolute points were established, which, having become a kind of legislative basis for the Hetmanate, markedly cut off the political autonomy and hetman power of the Left Bank Ukraine. According to them, the hetman did not have the right to conduct diplomatic negotiations and the approval of the general sergeant-major and colonels. This was in the competence of the Russian Tsar alone. To control the hetman's finances, the posts of two treasurers were introduced, one of which was the representative of the Russian side, the second was the Ukrainian one. Taxes for goods imported into Ukraine were to be transferred to the imperial treasury. That is, the strategic offensive to Ukraine continued.

Hetman's Measures to Improve Life in Ukraine

Realizing the hopelessness of any attempts to restore the former prerogatives of the Hetmanate, Danilo Apostol (his portrait is presented below) concentrated his activity on reforming the social and economic conditions of life in Ukraine.

In the judicial reform, the hetman emphasized the importance of saving the "old cases" that guaranteed transparency in the decision-making by judges elected by the people. To this end, in 1731, the Instruction on Courts was issued, which provided for the number of lay judges in the General Court (6 people: three Ukrainians and Russians), and the president of the court was the hetman himself.

Throughout the work of Danilo the Apostle, the hetman's position clearly traces the foresight, coupled with a great life experience. A well-known commander, the hetman was at the same time a good business manager-an organizer, an industrialist, an entrepreneur, and a merchant who knew how to count money.

The role of the hetman in the reconstruction of the economy

As a careful master, hetman Danilo Apostol paid special attention to the restoration of the Ukrainian economy, but his achievements in this area were modest. The industry with large enterprises and manufactories was for the most part in the hands of the Russian authorities. Danila Apostol defended the interests of Ukrainian trade, insisting on the abolition of the discriminatory system introduced by Peter I. Therefore, in 1728, he gathered envoys from the merchant guild in Glukhov and asked the Russian government to lift the ban on the export of Ukrainian goods - grain, yarn, wax, leather and other things.

Since during the period 1729-1731 the general and ranked land fund was exhausted, Danila Apostol initiated the general investigation, a thorough audit of the estates was carried out and most of the unaccounted territories were restored. The investigation was based on the surviving documents and testimonies of people during whose life these lands were illegally given into private ownership.

Significantly, the number of Russians in the Hetman administration was reduced. They were forbidden to buy land in Ukraine, and their desire to leave the country was encouraged and financially supported. The number of Russian regiments in Ukraine was limited to six.

Under the power of the hetman, the Zaporozhians were returned, forced from 1708 to live on the territory of the Crimean Khanate. Also in 1734 they were allowed to form Novaya Sich on the river Podpolnaya.

Hetman Danilo the Apostle also began to resolve the financial problems of Ukraine, having approved its budget in the amount of 144,000 rubles annually. The main revenue component was the tax on the export of raw materials from Ukraine, and the costs were divided between the administration, regular and hired armed forces.

Danilo the Apostle: a role in the history of Ukraine

The reign of Danila the Apostle lasted six and a half years, the last year he actually got sick. But this, in spite of the constant obstacles on the part of the Russian government, did not prevent him from continuing to wage an intense struggle for the autonomy of Ukraine and the restoration of the rights of the Ukrainian people. Under Danilo the Apostle, life, albeit partly, was adjusted: the outflow of rural residents for the Dnieper decreased and the number of refugees returned to the Left Bank increased.

Hetman Danilo the Apostle died on January 17, 1734, from a stroke and was buried in Sorochintsy village (now the Great Sorochintsy of Myrhorod district of the Poltava region) in the church of the Transfiguration of the Lord erected on his means.

Finally

The hetman of this man, who did not stain himself with lies, became a clear ray in the dark sky of Ukrainian life; He did his best to protect the state rights of the Ukrainian people from outside influence, and partially managed to contain the process of full integration of the Hetmanate in the structure of the Russian Empire.

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