Geographical position of the Black Sea. Map, coordinates, photo

The geographical position of the Black Sea, perhaps, is known to every inhabitant of our country. Why? The thing is that almost all of us at least once in our life, but have been on its coast, well, or we plan to go there on our next vacation.

The map of the Black Sea of Russia shows that our country shares it with Ukraine, Georgia, Turkey, Bulgaria and Romania.

The location, history, climate and characteristics of this section of the world's oceans and will be discussed in this article.

Section 1. General information

If you look at the Black Sea on the map of the world, you can be sure that it belongs to the basin of the Atlantic Ocean and refers to the internal type of the seas. Its area is approximately 422.0 thousand square meters. Km (according to other information - 436.4 thousand square kilometers).

Visually the sea resembles the shape of an oval with the largest axis of 1150 km. The maximum length from north to south is 580 km. The average depth is 1240 m, and the largest is 2210 m.

The ports of the Black Sea have a number of advantages, as the waters of this section of the world's ocean connect with Marmara through the Bosporus Strait, then through the Dardanelles (Hellespont) - with the Mediterranean and Aegean, and the Kerch Strait - with the Azov Sea.

A line of the border between Europe and Asia Minor passes along its water area . The Crimean peninsula is deep into the northern part of the sea.

Its waters are washed by the territories of several states: Russia, Ukraine, Georgia, Romania, Turkey and Bulgaria. In the north-east of the coast is the partially recognized state of Abkhazia.

The sea basin has a rare property. Its lower layers are filled with hydrogen sulphide, which means that at a depth of more than 150 m, life is completely absent (with the exception of certain types of bacteria).

The geographical position of the Black Sea is very successful. Why? The thing is that it has the most important economic, transport, strategic and military importance, and also belongs to the largest recreational zones of Eurasia. The main military bases of the Black Sea Fleet of Russia are concentrated in the ports of Sevastopol and Novorossiysk.

Section 2. History of the Black Sea

Photos of the Black Sea, as a rule, attract attention to themselves, bribing with beauty and some unlimitedness. But, what do we really know about him?

First of all, we can not fail to mention that this is a relatively young sea with an unformed ecosystem that continues its development: the water level changes, new representatives of flora and fauna appear, and some disappear.

In the past, and this is about 8 thousand years ago, this sea was a lake at all. Its biosystem is highly susceptible to external influences - climate or human influence. Despite the fact that it is much smaller than the ocean and its life is less diverse, the Black Sea coast and its ecology are of interest to scientists.

Section 3. What is the climate of the elements?

The climate of the Black Sea is due to the medium-continental location and mainly refers to the continental type. This region is characterized by warm, humid winters and dry summers. The southern coast of the Crimea and the Caucasus coast are protected from the winds by mountains, thanks to which the Mediterranean subtropical climate is here.

The geographical position of the Black Sea is such that the weather conditions are significantly influenced by the cyclones of the Atlantic, which bring a storm and cooling. Winds of the south-west direction are usually caused by moist Mediterranean air masses.

In January, the average temperature in the north is + 2 ° C, but it can cool down to -5 ° C, snow periodically falls out. Much warmer on the southern coasts of the Crimea and the Caucasus. Here, seldom is less than + 5 ° C.

July temperature of the air in the north of the sea averages +25 - + 27 ° C. Thanks to the sea, the air temperature does not usually rise above 37 ° C.

The warmest part of the Black Sea is the coast of the Caucasus, where an average of + 17 ° C per year. The Caucasus coast accounts for a greater amount of precipitation (1500 mm per year), least of all in the north-west (up to 300 mm per year).

Black Sea is not subject to freezing, water does not cool below +8 ° C.

Section 4. Local flora and fauna

Have you ever thought about what organisms inhabit the Black Sea? The characteristic shows that the flora of the Black Sea consists of more than 260 species of green, red bottom and brown algae: cladofora, ulva, cystoseira, zoster, etc.

Phytoplankton of the sea includes about 600 species, among which there are diatoms and representatives of dinoflagellates (dinophysis, alexandrium, protoperidinium).

The fauna is less diverse than, for example, the Mediterranean. In the waters of this sea, 2500 species of animals live, including 160 species of mammals and fish, up to 500 protozoa single-celled, 500 crustaceans, 200 mollusks, and other invertebrates. In the Mediterranean, to date, there are about 9,000 species.

At the bottom of the sea there were a haven of oysters and mussels, mollusks-predators of rapana. Among the coastal rocks and rocks you can meet crabs, there are jellyfish, shrimp, anemones and sponges.

The scarcity of the animal world is affected by the salinity and water temperature, as well as the formation of hydrogen sulphide at depths. Nevertheless, the waters of the sea are suitable for the existence of unpretentious species, for which no depth is required.

Section 5. What kind of resorts are on the Black Sea?

Russian resorts of the Black Sea coast are in the Krasnodar Territory. The most popular of them are Sochi, Anapa, Gelendzhik and Tuapse. Here the best sanatoriums and boarding houses are built.

On the Crimean peninsula there are resorts: Evpatoria, Alushta, Yalta, Sudak, Sevastopol, Simferopol, Feodosia, Chernomorskoye and Sokolinoye. Paradise for recreation are resorts of Abkhazia. Odessa is one of the major tourist centers of Ukraine, which has become a real pearl by the sea in recent years.

Sochi

Have you decided to go to the Black Sea? Travelers' reviews unanimously declare that they can not really not visit here, and there are many prerequisites for this.

First of all, we note that Sochi is the southernmost and warmest resort in Russia. And it is here, on the coast, dozens of boarding houses and sanatoriums are located.

The beach season in Sochi lasts from May to mid-October. Sunny weather lasts for 300 days a year. A favorable subtropical climate, mineral springs and mud have a healing and therapeutic effect on a person. Sanatoriums are welcome throughout the year.

The nature of this region is unique and unique: mountain gorges with rugged rivers, waterfalls and caves, cold lakes, impenetrable forests and high-mountain ski slopes. These places attract fans of outdoor activities and extreme.

Sochi is famous not only for beach rest, but also for cultural sights. There are many museums, theaters, entertainment centers, restaurants and nightclubs.

Yalta

One of the most famous resort towns of Crimea is Yalta. In addition, he is one of the most beautiful cities in the world.

It is a modern resort of an amazing place called the Black Sea. The map shows that the beaches here are really huge, with a length of 72 km.

The city is considered the capital of all Crimean resorts and an important administrative, cultural and tourist center on the southern coast of the Crimea.

The abundance of sun and vegetation, warm sea and sand, clean air, mountains and a lot of attractions create favorable conditions for rest and recreation.

Abkhazia

In fact, it seems that God Himself created these places for the rest of man. The beach season lasts from May to October and 220 days a year you can enjoy the sun.

Sea water has a low salt content, transparency and is ideal for swimming. Tourist Abkhazia is a hospitable people, magnificent nature and many historical monuments.

Guests can enjoy excursions to waterfalls, mineral springs and Lake Ritsa, karst caves and the ruins of an ancient city. The famous resorts of the region are Pitsunda, Gagra, Sukhum and Gudauta.

The tourism industry of Abkhazia is developing at a fast pace: old boarding houses have been renovated and new comfortable hotels have been built, and there are many restaurants and entertainment centers on the streets. One of the popular resort places is the town of Pitsunda, which is surrounded by pine forests, which create a special microclimate with a healing coniferous aroma.

Here, even in sultry weather, it is fresh and cool. All boarding houses are located in a picturesque bay near the sea.

Section 6. Movement of water in the Black Sea

It is believed that the Black Sea ports have a lot of advantages. Let's explain why. Usually this part of the world ocean is quiet and calm. Waves appear in windy weather, most often in winter. Their height can reach 15 m, which is dangerous only for small vessels. The tides do not exceed 10 cm and are almost invisible.

In general, in the sea there are two types of currents - surface and double. The former are caused by the cyclone type of winds, while the latter are formed in the Bosporus and Kerch straits and are caused by the difference in water density in the two basins.

Surface-type currents form two closed rings. The western ring narrows to the south and makes a width opposite the delta of the Danube about 100 km. The speed of this current is almost 0.5 km / h. The eastern ring reaches 50-100 km and has a speed of up to 1 km / h.

The double flow in the Bosporus is due to the water exchange between the Black Sea and the Sea of Marmara. The lighter and less saline water of the Black Sea enters the Marble Sea at a speed of up to 2 km, and in return receives the more salt water of the Sea of Marmara in the lower reaches.

Another double current forms between the Black and Azov Seas. At the same time, the desalinated water of the Sea of Azov falls into the upper reaches of the Black Sea, receiving in return more saline water.

In addition to horizontal currents, there are vertical waters bounded by upper layers (up to 80 m).

Section 7. Threats to the sea: wind and fog

The geographical position of the Black Sea clearly indicates that fogs arise over the coast or coastal areas, mainly in the cold season. When the invasion of the dry land of cold sea air, fog is formed over the sea near the shore.

On the coast, it usually appears in the spring. The greatest nebula is observed in winter, especially in the Bosporus Strait (up to 80 days per year). However, there are long fogs. For example, in winter in Odessa they last up to 10 days. Photos of the Black Sea, made in this weather, are particularly romantic and mysterious.

The strength and speed of wind at sea is greater than on the coast. When cyclones appear over the sea, moist air becomes vertically unstable, forming vortex winds and tornadoes, dangerous for small ships. The wind speed in winter reaches from 3 to 40 m / sec. Sometimes there is a storm. Night winds bring coolness to the coast.

Section 8. Than the Black Sea currents are dangerous

However, the Black Sea can be insidious and merciless, the characteristic of this part of the world ocean clearly indicates the existence of a volatile current, which is directed along the entire perimeter in a counter-clockwise direction.

The current forms two rings, called "Knipovich's glasses" (in honor of the hydrologist who described this phenomenon). The speed of motion depends on the rotation of the Earth. The force and direction of the wind also influence the change in the flow . Sometimes in the coastal zones there are vortices directed against the main current (anticyclonic gyres).

The movement of the upper coastal currents is variable and determined by the wind. One of these currents is called a draft that forms during a storm. The waves that run to the shore recede with powerful currents along the channels forming on the sandy bottom. Such flows are very dangerous for people and can carry away from the shore. To get out of them, you need to sail to the shore not in a straight line, but diagonally.

Section 9. Why the sea is troubled? Ancient legend

The Black Sea on the map of the world, even on the most ancient, can be seen very well. That is why, apparently, they know about him for a long time, folding myths and retelling epic stories. And here's one of them.

In ancient times there lived a brave hero, whose bravery was made up of legends. Once the old magician decided to give him a magic arrow, whose magical power depended on the intentions of man. Having fallen into the hands of a villain, she could bring many misfortunes on the earth. Bogatyr never used it without need and for mercenary purposes. When he was old, he began to look for a man who could be trusted with an arrow. But only a worthy owner could reveal her secret.

Then the hero decided to hide weapons in the Black Sea and asked his sons to take her to the very middle. He knew that they would not carry out his order the first time, and sent them again. Sons fulfilled the will of his father and lowered the arrow to the bottom of the sea. It angered the sea, it began to make noise and to this day is trying to throw an arrow on the shore.

Section 10. Is the Black Sea warm?

Can you say exactly where the Black Sea is? The map shows that it should be considered the southernmost sea border of our state. And, of course, it is also the warmest. However, there is an opinion that the temperature in it gradually increases. Is it really?

The Black Sea (the Krasnodar region is taken as a basis for the study) is filled with hydrogen sulfide, which means that only coastal and surface layers of water are suitable for life. By the way, because of this, it refers to one of the most uninhabited seas of the world.

Also, the global warming is adversely affecting the sea ecosystem, which has led to an increase in air temperature in winter and incomplete cooling of the upper layers of the sea. And this, in turn, makes it difficult to vertically rotate the upper layers of water to a depth to maintain hydrogen sulphide boundaries.

Warming led to the fact that the hydrogen sulphide zone rose to the surface of the sea by almost 12 meters and these waters became lifeless. The volume of water enriched with oxygen continues to decrease, which causes environmentalists' concerns. So, the Black Sea, whose coordinates are 43 ° 17'49 "p. W. 34 ° 01'46 "in. Etc., most likely, will continue to warm up.