Electronic industry in Russia. Development of electronic industry

Domestic electronic industry has overcome a half-century anniversary. It originates in the USSR, when the formation of leading research centers and high-tech enterprises took place. There were on this way both ups and downs. At the moment, the strategy for the development of the electronic industry has been defined until 2025, and the joint program of the Union State "Osnova" is also being implemented.

Locomotive industry

Electronics can be compared with the "gray cardinal" of the economy - achievements in this area are rarely adorned with media headlines, but the global state of many industrial enterprises and the military industry depends on its development. For security reasons, it is not always possible to use the components of foreign partners, and the economic benefit of using domestic products is obvious. It is not accidental that in the times of the USSR the Ministry of Electronic Industry operated with such microelectronics giants as Mikron, Integral, Angstrem, Zenit, LOMO, Dalnyaya Svyaz and others.

Past and future

In the Soviet Union, the enterprises of the electronic industry were dispersed over a vast territory, mainly in the European part of Russia, Belarus and Ukraine. At the same time, they formed a single interconnected complex, which, with the collapse of the Union, ceased to exist.

In the "dashing 90-s" the vast majority of Russian profile enterprises actually lost their potential. The electronics industry in Russia has been largely curtailed: only the permanent leaders of the OJSC "Research Institute of Molecular Electronics" and the plant "Mikron" (JSC "NIIME and Mikron") and JSC "Angstrem" located in Zelenograd have survived.

In slightly better conditions, Minsk was the "Integral", supported personally by President Lukashenko. However, he lost large orders of dual-use. The enterprise reduced the scale of production, but thanks to state support and orientation to small-scale orders of high-tech products from domestic consumers and buyers of the electronic component base (ECB) from other countries kept afloat.

Fortunately, in the mid-2000s. The Russian leadership understood the strategic importance of developing their own electronics, and in 2007 the "Strategy for the Development of the Electronic Industry until 2025" was adopted. There are already obvious positive developments in this area, especially in the military-space and security sectors.

"The basis"

In parallel with the development of the domestic concept, the "Basis" program was launched, which provides for the restoration of scientific and production chains between research institutes and enterprises of Russia and Belarus within the framework of the Union State. Moreover, the "Osnova" project has become one of the top priorities, replacing the development programs in cosmonautics, the chemical industry, optics, the production of diesel units, and the mastery of laser technologies.

In fact, the electronics industry of the USSR is reviving, or rather its potential. Bidding for joint work in this segment, the initiators of integration are trying to write a new page in the history of the revival of electronics, but with a more modern accent, delving into the submicron area. At the heart of the matter are strategic tasks for our states - ensuring security and maintaining defensive capabilities.

Foreign experience

Meanwhile, the electronic industry of the world is moving forward with leaps and bounds. In the US, for example, electronics came in first place by volume of the added product, ahead of the automobile and aviation industries. Active state support for this industry is provided by China, Taiwan, India, Korea, Singapore, Thailand, Indonesia, Malaysia. Here, electronics are viewed as an effective lever for the rise of national economies and entry into the world market.

High-tech corporations are trying to spur this scientific direction, not sparing financial infusions. Annually, up to $ 12 billion is allocated for scientific and technical programs.

Trends and development

Particular attention is paid to the development of submicron production technologies for super-large integrated circuits (VLSIs). Over the past 30-40 years, the element base has passed several generations of development: large (LSI), super-large and on their basis complex-functional systems on a crystal (CNC) appeared.

Analysts have long noted that in the modern world, electronics predetermines progress in various fields - communications, industry, transport, telecommunications, healthcare, banking and social fields, military equipment, etc. New technologies in the electronics industry have enabled a number of countries, such as the US, England, Japan, Germany, France and others, to hold the levers of world domination: military, technical, financial, political.

On the edge of progress

It is indicative that the world electronic industry exceeds production of oil, gasoline and mineral raw materials by almost 4.5 times in terms of the volume of products created, chemical products and plastics - 3 times, cargo transportation - 2.5 times, production of electricity and gas - more than In 2 times. Equally positive is the calculated economic efficiency of electronics in developed countries:

• Sectoral growth rates are three times higher than GDP growth rates;
• The average world payback period is 2-3 years;
• One dollar of investment allows you to receive up to $ 100 in the final product;
• 1 kg of microelectronic components costs more than 100 tons of oil;
• The creation of one workplace in the electronics industry leads to the creation of 4 jobs in other industries.

Why develop electronics?

Based on the experience of world leaders, it can be argued that the development of electronic industry leads to an integrated effect, far beyond the scope of this industry alone. This contributes to the growth of science-intensive products, increasing the competitiveness and technical level of computational, rocket-space, aviation, machine-building, transportation, machine-tool and other equipment.

The production of electronic components is steadily growing, determining the progress in the most promising areas - aerospace and radio electronic industry, robotics and instrumentation, etc.

Electronic industry in Russia and Belarus

It is clear that to stay away from such global processes it was impossible for countries in the post-Soviet space. Give priority to the development of electronics and no less popular direction - microelectronics, as "points of growth" of the economy and national security, was the result of joint work within the Union State.

The foundations of interaction and effective solution of the tasks set for the revival of microelectronics as a priority industrial sector and the creation of new semiconductor devices on the Russian-Belorussian element-component base are laid by the allied programs "Microsystem Technology", "Base", "Pramen".

The national electronics industry has already received a powerful push: dozens of types of functional-specialized microelectronics products corresponding to the world level have been developed. In 2013, another important project was completed with the participation of specialists and scientists of our countries - the program "Development and development of a series of integrated microcircuits and semiconductor devices for special purpose equipment and dual applications." The budget from the Russian side is set at 975 million Russian rubles, from the Belarusian side - 525 million rubles.

Near future

Judging by the noticeable revival in the domestic market of electronic components, increased attention and support from government agencies, media reports, very active work is under way. The prospect of the development of microelectronics for the near future has become more real and foreseeable. The most important tasks are to create an elemental base for developing an expanded range and implementation of radio electronic equipment, household, general industrial and special purpose systems, eliminating the dependence of the national electronics industry on imports and significantly increasing its export potential.

By the way, the Russian academician K.A. Valiev spoke about the need to create and develop domestic technologies in microelectronics in the early 2000s. He recognized, however, that this task is not easy, and it can be done only with the availability of special modern technological equipment. The necessary financial and organizational support for microelectronics is able to provide targeted programs that are deployed at the state level.

Guarding the Motherland

As for the military sphere, high-precision microelectronics has been registered here for a long time. Today we can talk about the creation of a modern electronic component base for the production of highly effective means of defense. New semiconductor devices and microcircuits have found application in more than a hundred of the newest weapons. Main areas of use:

• Radar stations;
• Air defense missile systems, including the famous S-400 and the developed S-500;
• Complexes of electronic warfare: suppression of interference, interception, suppression of radio programs.

The new design and technological solutions and IMS typologies patented in the Russian Federation, which provide high reliability and serviceability of devices in conditions of exposure to high radiation, neutron irradiation, gamma and X-ray radiation, electromagnetic pulse, have proved to be very useful for consumers of the Russian military industrial complex . Such technical characteristics and parameters are extremely important for weapons systems, electronic control systems for military and space equipment, control systems and safety of nuclear power plants.

Flagship microelectronics

To create such high-precision equipment equipped with a complex ECB, it was necessary to unite efforts of research centers and flagships of microelectronics in Russia and Belarus. Thus, the "Basis" program has become the next stage in the creation of the newest technologies.

In total, about 40 scientific research institutes and industrial enterprises act as the main executors and co-executors in its implementation. The main supplier of the microelectronic element-component base for dual and special purpose is the Belarusian OJSC Integral. On the Russian side, the Mikron group of companies, the largest microelectronics manufacturer in the post-Soviet space that is part of the industrial holding company RTI, is picking up the baton for the creation of high-tech products based on modern electronics.

JSC "NIIME and Mikron" is an enterprise with almost half a century of history, a technological leader of the Russian semiconductor industry. There they are engaged in scientific research, development, production and sale of integrated microcircuits, including for export. In 2012, a new line for the production of microchips with a topological level of 90 nm was launched. Partners are RUSNANO state corporation and European giant STMicroelectronics.

Science and production

Electronic industry is impossible without scientific research. The head enterprise Mikron is entrusted with the comprehensive implementation of a complex of research and development (R & D), in which it is assisted by 15 largest radio-electronic enterprises in Russia.

The research and development complex included one research and 26 developmental designs for the creation of 54 types of import-substituting electronic component base with a high degree of integration, which has high accuracy and functional characteristics. In particular, the Micron solution solves a whole range of tasks, one of which is devoted to the development and implementation of a microprocessor-based VLSI with an embedded operating system for smart cards and electronic documents.

Afterword

It is necessary to understand that Western companies do not hurry to sell the newest high-quality microelectronics for military and space equipment. Therefore, the immediate priority for the near future in the implementation of strategic sectoral programs is the implementation of a technological breakthrough in the future.