China In The End Of X Century.

In Central and Southern China, independent kingdoms began to form in the last years of the Tang dynasty. In all, there were nine (the tenth kingdom arose in northern China, near Taiyuan). Here the situation was more stable, there were few internecine wars, attempts to invade the northerners are reflected. As a result, the economy of Central and Southern China almost did not suffer and continued to develop. The main trend in agrarian relations was further strengthening of large landed property and the evolution of lease relations.

The development of production was facilitated by the influx of migrants who fled to the South from the northern regions. Lively maritime links and trade were maintained.
After coming to power in Kaifeng, the Later Zhou dynasty (951-959) in the North of the country is carrying out measures to restore the destroyed economy, strengthen the central authority and the army.

This allowed the transition to unification of China. A number of southern kingdoms were annexed. But the campaign against the Ki-Danes was unsuccessful. During the campaign, Emperor Chai Rong died suddenly, and power fell into the hands of the chief of his court guard Zhao Kuangin. The latter proclaimed the formation of the Song dynasty in 960 and, continuing the cause of the unification, by the year 980 subjugated the whole country to its authority. China at the end of X in ....

The boundaries of the new empire in the North left behind the Khitan the previously rejected 16 districts. Long war with Liao was not successful. On the contrary, in 1004, according to the Shanuang Peace Treaty, Song undertook to pay a huge tribute to the Khitan: 200,000 silk cuts and 100,000 silver lanas. Under the treaty of 1042, the number of these payments was further increased, and in 1075 Khitan was given a new territory in the northeast of Shanxi Province.

In the northwest, in the central and western part of the modern province of Gansu, northern Qinghai and western Inner Mongolia, at the end of the Xth century. A state of Tanguts (one of the branches of the Qiang descendants) arose. They were entrenched in cities on the Great Silk Road and reflected attempts by the Chinese to recapture this region. Their state was called Western Xia. In the world concluded in 1044, it recognized itself as a vassal of the Chinese emperor, but China undertook to pay an annual significant tribute to the Tanguts with silk, silver and tea. But even after this, wars with the West Hsia continued, which did not bring the Song Empire much success and did not lead to the abolition of tribute.

In the west, Song was bordered by Tibet, whose possessions then covered most of Qinghai and Western Sichuan. In the south-west, the state of Nanzhao still maintained its position. Finally, in the south in 936, the Vietnamese people managed to finally expel the Chinese governors and gain independence.

China in the late X century.