Basic forms of motion of matter

The forms of motion of matter are the ability of a substance to move in space and time. The very concept of "matter" is characterized as an omnipresent physical quantity that has the following properties:

1. This stuff.
2. The body, which in its turn has separate parameters: mass, duration, location in a certain place.

There is another definition of matter. From the philosophical-materialist point of view, it is a substance possessing two types of reality: objective, characterizing the beginning, and subjective - consciousness.

A diverse view of the concept of matter

The concept of "matter" was first mentioned in Ancient Greece. By this term, then meant all living and existing in the world, this was the basis for the birth of life on Earth. Leucippus and Democritus are the first scientists who formulated this definition.

In the Middle Ages the theme: "Matter, the forms of its movement and existence" was discussed very actively. The greatest scientists and philosophers expressed their views on this issue, built hypotheses and gave arguments in defense of personal opinion.

For example, Thomas Hobbes imagined matter as a substance that is "the second." Under it, in turn, he meant the basis of all things of a certain kind. At the same time, for Thomas Hobbes there was no concept of "first matter", because under it he understood the complete absence of form in space and time. Here is what he wrote in his scientific treatise: "This matter without form is a kind of body idea, manifested in our mental departure from all physical concepts that exclude the number and duration."

The famous English teacher John Locke advanced his theory. In his understanding, matter is an extended body with a density. According to Locke, it is the result of our impressions that no thought or feeling can arise without foundation. As he wrote in his works: "Matter, of course, exists, but remains for us a certain substance - a carrier of basic qualities of duration and density, invisible to the eye and not felt by the senses."

In turn, the German philosopher Immanuel Kant called matter "the constituent parts of the essence," and their union - "an essential form." Based on this concept, he distinguished two types of matter :

1. Logical. It is a concept different from form.
2. Physical, or infinity. It is a matter of all actions limited only by the difference of one form from another.

Proceeding from this, Kant gave the following definition of matter: dense, having a lengthy body, occupying the entire world around us and being the basis of the origin of sensations. This point of view is still relevant and basic for all subsequent philosophical teachings and trends.

Signs of Matter

A thorough study of the form of the motion of matter led to the identification of its main features:

1. For the independent development of the form of movement, one must have its own contradiction.
2. The basis of each form is the interconnection of separately located parts in the structure of matter, from which a material carrier is later formed.
3. Any form absolutely has a three-dimensional territory filled with objects, processes and phenomena that are not in other areas.
4. Any form of movement inherent in the presence of quality and poise, leading to the emergence of unity with a variety of external manifestations.
5. The form of development has an independent one essence, obeying only its own positions in the movement.
6. Each type of movement forms a relationship only with a suitable material carrier, which is its way of emergence and development.
7. Absolutely every form in its entirety is represented by separate sciences and is indivisible between them.

Thus, matter, the forms of its movement and existence, are deeper concepts than it may seem at first glance.

Representation and basic classification of matter

The characteristic elements of matter are three components: displacement, space and time frames. In this case, they all exist separately from it. In turn, objects of matter have the same notions of space and time.

The German philosopher, Marx's associate and the founder of his works, Friedrich Engels, also paid attention to this question. His authorship belongs to the following classification of the forms of motion of matter:

1. Physical development.
2. Chemical development.
3. Mechanical.
4. Biological.
5. Social.

He considered them interconnected and fully complementary.

Along with the forms, the substance also has certain properties:

1. The absence of man-made creation and the possibility of destruction.
2. Infinity of location in time and space.
3. Matter is always inherent in motion and change, self-development, transformation and transition from one state to another.
4. Determination of all processes.
5. The presence of causal relationships. It implies the interconnection of phenomena and objects with the structure of bonds in matter, as well as the causes of their origin and conditions.
6. Reflection. This process is present in all types of actions, but it depends on the structure of the systems of interrelation and external influence. It is because of this phenomenon that a form is born such as the abstractness of thought processes.

There are own provisions on the placement of the form of motion of matter:

1. The law of unity and repulsion of opposites. Engels believed that every form of matter has its own opposite, with which it simultaneously has a relationship and a relationship.
2. The transition of quantity to quality. According to this provision, the quantity is something in common that unites different objects, and quality is different in the same things and phenomena. Despite such a difference, in materialism they are one - a measure, going beyond the boundaries of which leads to the destruction of unity. As an example, the amount of alcohol sufficient to keep a person sober is given.
3. Complete negation of negation. It is a continuation of the previous law. It implies a stepping over a measure, breaking the old framework and accepting new ones with data taken from the old boundaries.

The newest classification of matter

The above classification of forms from Engels was actual in the Middle Ages. However, time passed, concepts changed, and with them the forms of the movement of matter. This is due to the fact that, for example, the physical forms of the motion of matter ceased to be only thermal, becoming a more extended concept and phenomenon. Thus, the newest classification of forms of movement can be attributed:

1. Moving in space.
2. Moving electromagnets as a sign of the interrelation of parts of charges.
3. The development of the gravitational field: a strong interconnection of nuclei in space and a weakened one, expressed in the absorption and emission of neutron particles.
4. The chemical form of the motion of matter. It represents the process and the total result of the interconnection of molecules and charged particles.
5. From the field of geology. Indicates changes in the main geological systems: continents, layers of the earth's crust.
6. Biological form of motion of matter. It can include natural processes in nature: synthesis, cellular changes.
7. The social form. It represents all those phenomena that occur in society. Is the most complex and multifaceted among all listed above.

Groups of forms of motion of matter

The basic forms of the motion of matter have their own definition, according to which they are a kind of movement and interconnection of material things with the expression of the fundamental changes in their unity. On the basis of this thesis, such a version is developed: absolutely every substance has not a single, but a multiple form of material displacement in space and time. In the proof of this theory, three main groups of forms of movements are distinguished, each of which has its numerous subgroups.

Inorganic form. It includes the following main subgroups:

1. Movement in space.
2. The movement of elementary particles and various types of fields: electromagnetic, from the field of gravity, with varying degrees of interrelation.
3. The movement and transfer of atoms and molecules into completely different forms, including the chemical component.
4. Reincarnation of bodies in the universe - planets, stars, galaxies.

Organic nature. It includes all the processes inherent in living organisms:

1. Metabolism.
2. Preservation of internal stability, management and reproduction in biological and other ecological systems.
3. Interrelation of the biological system with nature.
4. Processes of a biological nature that take place within the body and contribute to the preservation of all life.
5. The processes of a biological nature and the mechanical form of the motion of matter that take place in ecological systems and determine the location and origin of all living things.

The social form. It includes:

1. Working capacity of society.
2. The highest stages of reflecting properties and reincarnation of reality.

The most complicated forms of displacement of a substance come from the lower ones and include their reincarnation. However, despite the interconnection and influence, the high forms are completely different from the low ones.

The need to learn about the nature of the relationship is dictated by the desire to learn the true essence of the world, its main manifestations, as well as the mechanism for managing them.

Types of motion of matter

In the philosophical teaching there are not only the basic forms of the motion of matter, but also its types. There is the following classification of varieties:

1. In count. It is a movement of matter in space with full preservation of properties and attributes.
2. By quality. Destruction of any object - until complete decay into atoms and molecules - with the transformation into a completely different kind of substance with new properties.

The second type of movement has two subgroups:

1. Dynamic movement in space. This is the process of preserving the firmness of an object with no external changes even after a long period. In addition, it can include the reincarnation of light states of objects in more complex and perfect. For example, this happens when the stars are born and developed or the sequence of development is at a certain level of matter.
2. Population. Directly opposite to the dynamic movement is the phenomenon. Characterizes the movement of one type of quality to another with a complete change in the levels of organization. These include the movement of the inorganic structure to the organic or the birth of human life.

Regressivity, progressiveness and closedness of the motion of matter

Understood initially as the transition of bodies from one space to another, the movement / development of the form of the motion of matter with time began to be understood much more expansively - as a chemical reaction, the existence of processes in a living being and society in society.

At the same time, in the general classification of matter as a species, completely new forms of movement have appeared: in the direction:

1. Progressiveness, that is, a constant move upwards.
2. Regressivity, that is, a constant return to the initial state.
3. Closed. That is, a constant movement along a closed circuit. However, it is proved that this form has no logical justification, and therefore has no right to exist: no action can be performed in exactly the same way and with a return to the starting point.

Philosophical directions

Scientists around the world in the Middle Ages were arguing about how much the basis of the world began on which the emergence of such concepts as space, time, forms of the motion of matter depends. In the course of disagreements, two camps were formed:

1. There is only monism, that is, a single beginning for the whole foundation of the world.
2. There are several principles at once, that is, dualism.

However, there was also a third party. These scientists completely denied both matter and idealism, preferring the unknown "third line" - a direction that has nothing to do with either materialism or idealism. It was this hypothesis that was subsequently adopted by the best philosophers from all over the world. However, it turned out to be illogical, and therefore unacceptable to execution: according to theory, all of its evolution tended to idealism, being, in fact, it, but only in a veiled form.

Vitalism as an additional direction in motion

Along with the above-mentioned directions of the form of the movement of matter, philosophy also emphasizes such as vitalism, that is, vitality. According to him, a completely different reason for the emergence of man is revealed: it is no longer a mixture of physics and chemistry in common matter, but an object that has a living force is a soul. According to this direction, as materialism, this phenomenon is explained as a natural process of reincarnation of matter, its transition from one stage to another with a change in its characteristic properties.

It also specifies the fact that consciousness is characteristic of a person with a soul. It exists only when moving, therefore, it is the basis for the whole world. Consciousness manifested itself initially as the need to provide an additional reservoir for processing information by a person. Understanding this fact can lead to the disclosure of secret knowledge in the field of different spheres.

The principle of the unity of the world, the role of modern natural science and philosophy in its justification

The whole world is a variety of phenomena, processes and forms. Each of these components has its own space, the shape of the matter's motion is quite variable. However, this is only one side of the philosophical doctrine. If you look at the problem from a different angle, you can see the whole integrity and unity of the world, which form an indissoluble bond. It is this unification that is called the principle of unity.

The same principle is applied in science as well as in natural science. According to her, everything in the world is interconnected and leads to the emergence of radically new matters and phenomena. Here are just a few examples:

1. The unity of cosmic bodies in the solar system led to the birth of planets in the universe.
2. All the laws of conservation and movement of energy in space - a form of motion of matter.
3. The unity of the chemical elements led to the creation of the table by Dmitry Mendeleyev.
4. The integrity of a large number of living matter contributed to the development of the theory of Charles Darwin on the birth of species.

All this once again confirms the unity of the world as a connection of elementary particles with a fundamental interaction. Thus, matter, the forms of its movement and existence, are more complex, deeper concepts than it may seem at first glance. It is not for nothing that the interest of scientists in this phenomenon has not weakened for many centuries.