Who wrote the Master and Margarita? The history of the novel "Master and Margarita"

Despite the fact that the novel was written long ago and is a classic work, it is still very popular with the younger generation. Thanks to the school program, almost everyone knows this novel and the one who wrote. "Master and Margarita" - a novel created by the greatest author, Mikhail Afanasyevich Bulgakov.

Non-indifference to the novel

There are practically no indifferent people in relation to this work. In fact, readers are divided into two camps: those who love the novel and admire it, and those who simply hate it, and also do not recognize the genius of Bulgakov. But there is a third, the smallest, category. It can be attributed, perhaps, only to young children. These are those who have not heard about the novel and do not know who the author is.

"Master and Margarita" - this is one of the most extraordinary and mysterious prose works. Many writers and literary critics have tried to solve the riddle of his popularity and success with the reader. Until the end of this, no one has yet succeeded.

Not much you can recall and call such works, which would spawn around him so much controversy. About the novel Bulgakov, they do not cease to this day. They speak about the biblical component of the plot, about the prototypes of the main characters, about the philosophical and aesthetic roots of the novel, about who is still the main character, and even about the genre in which the work is written.

Three stages of writing the novel, according to BV Sokolov

The opinions of literary critics about the history of writing "Master and Margarita", as well as the essence of this work, are different. For example, Sokolov, the author of the book Bulgakov's Encyclopedia, divides the editions of the novel into three stages. He says that work on the work began in 1928. Presumably, it was then that the author of the novel "The Master and Margarita" conceived it, and to write individual chapters began only in the winter of 1929. In the spring of the same year the first complete edition was handed over. But then it was not yet explicitly stated who the author of the book is, who wrote. "Master and Margarita" even then did not figure as the title of the work. The manuscript entitled "Furybunda" was given to the publishing house "Nedra" under the pseudonym K. Tugai. And on the eighteenth of March 1930 it was destroyed by the author himself. Thus ends the first stage of the editorial work, allocated by Boris Vadimovich Sokolov.

The second stage began in the autumn of 1936. And at that time no one knew that the novel would be called as we are now accustomed to. Bulgakov, the one who wrote, thought differently. "Master and Margarita" is a work that received different names from its author: "He appeared" and "He appeared", "Coming", "The Grand Chancellor", "Here I am", "The Black Magician", "Hat with Feather" , "Hoof consultant" and "Horseshoe foreigner", "Black theologian", and even "Satan". Only one subtitle remained unchanged: The Fantastic Novel.

And, finally, the third stage - from the second half of 1936 to the end of 1938. At first the novel was called "Prince of Darkness", but then it still found a name so familiar to us. And in the beginning of summer, in 1938, it was completely reprinted for the first time.

Everything that happened with the novel further, Sokolov no longer considers editions, but calls the author's editing.

Nine editorial offices, according to Losev

V. Losev studied biography and creativity of Mikhail Afanasievich for more than twenty years. He divides the history of writing the novel into nine parts, like the author himself.

• The first edition - "Black Magician". These are drafts of the novel, the first notebook written in 1928-1929. It does not yet have a Master and Margarita, and there are only four chapters.
• The second is "The hoof of an engineer". This is the second draft notebook of the same years. This is like a continuation, the second part of the first edition of the work. There are only three chapters in it, but there was already a plan for one of the most important parts of the novel - a section called "The Gospel of Woland".
• The third is "The evening of the terrible Sabbath." Drafts, sketches for the novel, written in 1929-1931. There are also three chapters. And until the final version of them came only the case in Griboyedov.
• Fourth - "The Grand Chancellor". The first complete manuscript edition. Here already there are Margarita and her lover. But his name is not Master, but Poet.
• Fifth - "Fantastic novel." These are chapters rewritten and completed in 1934-1936. There are new details, but there are no significant modifications.
• The sixth is the Golden Spear. This is an unfinished manuscript cut off on the head of "Magic Money".
• The seventh - "Prince of Darkness." The first thirteen chapters of the novel. The history of love of the Master and Margarita is not here, and in general everything breaks off on the appearance of the main character. Berlioz is called Mircev here.
• The eighth part is Master and Margarita. Full and mature manuscript edition of 1928-1937. And it was this version that was printed by Elena Bulgakova's sister Olga Bokshanskaya.
• The ninth is also the Master and Margarita. The last and final version, including all the latest additions and comments by Mikhail Afanasyevich. It was printed after the death of the writer Elena Sergeevna, his wife, in 1966.

Variant of the history of Belobrovtseva and Kulius

In many ways, their version is similar to that of Losev, since they completely agree with the critic about the first edition. However, the second edition they call the head of the novel "The Hoof of an engineer", given to the publishing house "Nedra". It is here that for the first time the Master appears, who is also called Fezey. He plays the part of Faust even without Marguerite. The third version, according to Belobrovtseva and Kulius, is the "Fantastic Novel" written by Bulgakov in 1932, where the Master turns from Fezi to Poet and Margarita already appears. They consider the fourth edition of 1936, the one that was completed for the first time with the word "end". Next comes the work of 1937 - unfinished novel "Prince of Darkness". And then the manuscript printed by OS Bokshanskaya. Already its editing by authors is considered the seventh edition. And the eighth and the last - the one that was governed by Bulgakov's wife before his death and was published after his death.

The novel was published in the form in which we know it, for the first time in the journal "Moscow" in 1966. The work immediately gained popularity, and the name of Bulgakov did not come from the lips of contemporaries. Then surely no one had a question about who the author of the work is, who wrote. "Master and Margarita" - a novel that made a great impression. And he still keeps the brand.