What is textuality? Basics, principles and methods of textology

Not everyone knows what textology is. сферы распространения этой дисциплины, между тем, имеет огромное практическое значение. The definition of the scope of this discipline, meanwhile, is of great practical importance. Let's consider it in more detail.

What is textology?

, как в дисциплине, собраны многочисленные произведения. In literature , as in the discipline, numerous works are collected. To create them used a variety of subjects, folklore, human achievement. рукописи, посмертные и прижизненные издания разных авторов, их дневников, писем, записных книг. Textology is a science that studies manuscripts, posthumous and lifetime editions of different authors, their diaries, letters, notebooks. Within the discipline, works of folk art (fairy tales, epics, etc.) are also explored. специальная сфера филологии. Historical textology is a special sphere of philology. She explores the features of creating and publishing works.

Branches

First of all, textology is a science that studies folklore and art records. Its branches are allocated depending on the specific problem posed. On this basis, the directions are different:

1. Antiquity.
2. The Middle Ages.
3. Folklore.
4. Eastern literature.
5. Works of modern times.
6. Linguistic sources.
7. Historical records.

It is worth saying that such a variety of industries does not prevent to consider discipline as one.

Value

отрасль, которая занимает вполне конкретное и самостоятельное место. Textology is an industry that takes a very concrete and independent place. Discipline is closely related to other areas of philology. In particular, the research uses theoretical and historical sources. The analysis of works is carried out not only in spatial dimensions and finally formed form. Text studies the source and in a temporary relationship.

Formation of discipline in Europe

отрасль, существование которой прослеживается с самых древних времен. Textology is an industry whose existence has been traced from the most ancient times. At the same time, its development took place in stages and was closely connected with the development of public culture and life. использовались в античной филологии при корректировке, толковании и комментировании записей. Methods of textology were used in ancient philology when adjusting, interpreting and commenting on records. So-called "biblical criticism" was formed quite early. Its appearance is associated with the names of Origen, Porphyry, Celsus. Subsequently, "biblical criticism" gradually acquired a scientific character. By the 17th and 19th centuries, a base for the introduction of a sound analysis of religious books was being formed. A new direction in the historical consciousness was formed in the Renaissance. At that time, the connection between the textology and the sciences of the humanitarian sphere was significantly strengthened. The founders of the European current in the New Times are German, Reiske, Bentley, Porson, etc.

German school

. In the 19th century, she made a significant contribution to understanding the basics of text . The key attention was focused on the study of sources, the identification of the "archetype", the analysis of homogeneous motifs. Professor Becker has developed a critical approach to the preparation of publications of Greco-Roman classical authors. Subsequently, it was applied by Leopold von Rank to a vast field of historical research. The German school used mostly ancient works as a basis for analysis.

Mechanistic theory

The newest textology as a science began to be formed by Karl Lachmann. He developed a theory of "common errors", the discovery of which indicated a similar origin of manuscripts. The base for the mechanistic theory of Lachmann was strict technique and stable principles of textology. It was built on a quantitative comparison of the elements. Approaches to critical processing of ancient records the scientist applied to the works of the German Middle Ages. Principles of textology in the study of modern manuscripts were introduced by the school of Scherer, Bernays. Lahmann's ideas were developed in the works of the Prague School. Meanwhile, the mechanistic theory was criticized by Bedier because of its lack of versatility.

Formation of discipline in France

In this country, attention to textology began to be actively manifested in the middle of the 19th century. The 20th century was marked by the appearance of the Lanson school and the active work of the Paris Institute. In the 1970s. In France emerged and began to actively develop a new direction - genetic criticism. The key center was the Paris Institute of Manuscripts and Modern Texts. The philosophical base of the school was the theory of relativity. It largely explains the position of genetic criticism. At this stage, key questions that the new textology explored were formulated. This is primarily the origin, the movement of records, the reproduction of all stages of creating a work in the process of writing. At the same time, the researchers did not give any preferences to any one editorial board. Followers of the school did not consider that the last author's manuscript has advantages over the original draft. They viewed them as different stages in the creation of the work.

Nuances

It is necessary to note the specifics of the process of creating a work, its history. в рамках генетической критики существенно расширяет сферу исследования. Textual criticism within the framework of genetic criticism substantially expands the scope of research. It refers to the essence of the writing process. This, in turn, helps to increase the scale of the object of genetic criticism. It is directed in this case to the text not only in a narrow, literary aspect, but also in a general sense. This implies an inevitable combination of different disciplines. Among them are history, linguistics, medicine, psychology, and mathematics. As for the study of classical forms of modern art, genetic criticism is important, but not enough.

Textology in Russia

Works created in the 11-17th centuries are represented mainly in the form of manuscripts. This fact predetermined the key features of the creation, existence and distribution of numerous monuments of Russian literature. There were some problems with text. The rewriting of books inevitably led to the loss of the sustainability of the presentation, presenting everything in new editions. The longer the existence of the work, the more it was processed. The new editions reflected the skill of the copyist (or his absence), artistic tastes, the requirements of life. The period in which textology began to develop is the 16th-17th centuries. In these centuries, active corrections, systematization and description of manuscripts were carried out.

Peter's times

During this period, special attention was paid to Old Russian writing. It is known that by decree of 1722 the tsar ordered to collect and bring to Petersburg annals, chronographs, power books. In 1724 the Academy of Sciences was established. From this moment, active research of ancient monuments began. A great contribution to the study of manuscripts was made by Schlesser and Miller.

New stage

In the second half of the 18th century a systematic anodic-textological work began. The first steps along this path were the editions of Russkaya Pravda, the chronicles of Nestor. Novikov created a collection, which included information on 300 authors from ancient times. The new stage was conditioned by the development of the author's principle. Edited achievements in European book culture, its approaches and experience were used in the editions of the works of Theophanes Prokopovich, Lomonosov, Sumarokov, Cantemir.

19th century

The first decades of the XIX century were marked by the improvement of the textological approach. The applied methods significantly enriched bibliographical and bibliographic studies of ancient sources. In turn, this process largely influenced the emergence of folklore - the processing of records of the oral creativity of the people. The question of the originality of culture in its various expressions was introduced into the circle of subjects of research by the scientists of the Orients, Makarov, Bourne. , возникали новые определения. The basic concepts of textology were improved, new definitions arose.

The emergence of a "skeptical direction"

In the early 30's. 19 century a new school. Her ideas were largely related to Schlözer's thoughts. As the head of the "skeptical school" made Kachenovsky. His approach was based on the idea that one can not believe every source of the evidence of an ancient source. In this skepticism there were unconditional dignities and obvious disadvantages. Critical thought Kachenovsky determined the improvement of techniques used in the study of narrative sources. She accustomed to assess the facts in terms of internal reliability and consistency with the general laws of historical development. At the same time, supporters of the school tended to deny the Kiev period only because the stories about him were preserved in later sources.

The Pogodin Approach

This researcher developed Schlözer's ideas with reference to artistic sources. Pogodin insisted on studying all the edits of the text, using the analogy technique. He managed to prove the fallibility of a large number of concrete conclusions made by "skeptics". During the research Pogodin used analysis of national and general historical circumstances of the origin, existence and distribution of the work. His approaches, in turn, were developed by Buslaev.

Mythological school

The largest of its representatives was Buslaev mentioned above. He developed the idea of the inextricability of language and folk tradition, myth. His thesis was considered as the first experience of the application of comparative and historical linguistics to the antiquities of Slavonic speech. Subsequently, Buslaev detailed all his views in detail in a fundamental two-volume work.

The turn of the 19th-20th centuries.

With the passage of time, the interest of researchers to later sources has increased. He began to develop a historical approach to the literary heritage of the 18th and 19th centuries. For the first time that it is necessary to carry out "a critical analysis of books, annual and separate reviews of works in general," in order to improve the national culture in today's conditions, "Polevoy began to speak. Most of his ideas were continued in the works of Belinsky. Scheduled in 1841 and partly realized work of the latter was aimed at contrasting the conditionally aesthetic approach to individual works with a new view of the writer's entire heritage in chronological order and creative completeness.

Edited culture

It has developed significantly and reached a high level by the middle of the 19th century. In many respects, the formed organization of academic work on publishing works contributed to this. In the activity of publishing monuments of antiquity and modernity, Tikhonravov and Buslaev were invaluable. They created a model for their time of a scientific publication. Veselovsky developed a new approach to philological research. This was of great importance for the development of the method of textual analysis.

Activity of Annenkov

At an early stage of the development of Russian textological science, as applied to the literary sources of the New Times, a certain imitation of the ideas of classical philology was noted. However, soon the researchers began to search for their own methods. This was due to the release of a series of scientific and critical works. In 1851, Annenkov began training one of them. The researcher conducted a textual study of Pushkin's manuscripts. In parallel, he created a work in which he collected materials for the biography of the poet. Both these works have become parts of a comprehensive study. Annenkov's innovation was highly appreciated by Nekrasov, Turgenev, Dobrolyubov, Chernyshevsky and others.

Improving approaches

Based on factual material, the researchers studied a wide range of literary creativity. This activity, observed from the middle of the 19th century, produced tangible results. The need for factographic, bibliographic, source study developments conditioned the emergence and successful development of a new direction in discipline. Researchers began to perceive the significance of the bibliography in a new way. Mintslov, in particular, wrote that without preliminary work it is impossible to describe the history of literature. And without it, in turn, no fundamental research can not be successful.

Features of systematization

The discovery of reliable facts, their historical evaluation, formed the principled approach of the school headed by Maikov and Saitov. The first thought of himself as a student of Sreznevsky. The works of these scientists published the Collected Works of Batiushkov. Later the ideas of the school in the direction of archival searches, compilation of biographies, work with sources were developed by Modzalevsky. He created a famous card index, which includes 165 thousand cards. It is kept in the Pushkin House, in the Department of Manuscripts. His contribution to the study of Decembrism is particularly noted. The highest achievements in academic Pushkin studies are the commentaries he created, "Pushkin: Diary," "Pushkin, Letters." The systematization of the material, which was accumulated in the framework of philological research on the history of Russian literature in the 19th and 20th centuries, provided a vast amount of reference information. In them, among other things, there are the works of Vengerov, the fundamental work of Mezier. The key principles of domestic classical textology, thus, developed by the beginning of the 20th century. They were based on the colossal editive experience already available at that time and a critical revision of the ideas of the Western European formalistic doctrine.

New time

By the beginning of the 20th century, the Petersburg Academy of Science was regarded as the center of textual research. It formed two advanced schools. One was led by Shakhmatov, the other by Peretz. These schools, in fact, promoted fairly close ideas. They studied the text in the history of its creation and all its changes. Shakhmatov relied on materials obtained in the course of linguistic observations. Peretz used more literary approaches. Shakhmatov developed a technique for analyzing the chronicle. In doing so, he used the principles of historicism and suggested ways to study complex sources in all types and editions. He devoted a lot of time to ancient manuscripts, questions of ethnogenesis. Shakhmatov laid the foundation for the historical study of the literary national language, as well as textology as a science. As for Peretz, he first led the seminar in Kiev. After being elected to the Academy, the scientist moved to Petrograd. He created the only guide to textology in pre-revolutionary doctrine. This work presents ideas for understanding the new approach. The reception was based on attention to the study of the literary history of the source.

Conclusion

The cardinal step towards the formation of a general concept of textology with the justification of principles and approaches was made in the work of Academician Likhachev. The author put forward a qualitatively new idea, which confirmed the need to investigate the meaning and movement of the source content in time. This finally disproved the mechanistic theory, based on the preference for a chronologically earlier text. Over time, from the applied direction, focused mainly on the solution of problems of a publishing nature, the discipline became a category of basic ones. The development of textology proceeds in the same vein with cultural and general historical changes in the country. At the present time, key areas of Russian textology have been identified: ancient literature, New Age and modern texts, and folklore.