What is an appeal in Russian? Types and forms of calls in Russian

One of the most important elements in any national culture is verbal etiquette. The language, its stable constructions, reflects the rich experience of the people, the uniqueness of its traditions, customs, conditions and way of life. Speech illustrates the subjective perception of the picture of the world, corresponding to the consciousness and mentality of its carrier. Together with this language influences the bearer directly, forming his personality. This is due primarily to the fact that in the process of assimilating a native speech a person absorbs into himself and the national culture, in which features of a national character are incorporated, and features of the world outlook.

Speech Behavior

In communication, which has a social orientation, the social roles of listeners and speakers are of particular importance. In this case, there is a certain functional dependence. The character of the speech behavior of the participants is set by the role position. In this case, the language tools used in communication, construct the situation. Speech is considered one of the most important tools that contribute to the assertion of a person's social status . The formation of an adequate understanding of the language communication between the communication participants is carried out by using different ways of denoting the social relationships within which communication is supposed to unfold. Together with direct representations, in which the social roles of participants are most significant in communication , there are indirect ones. The latter are a means of socio-symbolic type and are used to demonstrate the status and role positions of the interlocutors. One such tool is a reference in Russian. Consider this tool in more detail.

Appeals. General information

What is an appeal in Russian? This design can reveal a social hierarchy, with equality of statuses - to express the personal relationship of one interlocutor to another. In this case, special words-appeals can be used. In Russian, as, indeed, in other speech systems, such constructions may indicate the title of the person with whom the dialogue is being conducted. Such elements, in particular, include "sir", "your honor", "your majesty" and others. Along with this, the forms of treatment in Russian can emphasize informality, or, conversely, the officiality of relations. For example: "my friends", "comrades", "ladies and gentlemen", "dear", "dear", "darling", "son" and others. I must say that a similar function is inherent in a number of designs used as farewells or greetings. For example: "Hello", "Hello", "Salute", "All the best" and others.

Civil Status

Speaking about the fact that such treatment is in Russian, one should also mention the position of a person in society, which is clearly indicated by certain elements. In this issue, both civil status and a certain assessment of the interlocutor are considered. In the first case, the following constructions can be cited as an example: "citizen Petrov", "comrade Ivanov", "Ivan Petrovich". As assessing elements, the following can be cited: "Is it clear to you?", "You were not interested in why this is so?", "If it's easier for you to start with this, please. But in general I would like you to ...". It is believed that such an appeal in the Russian language as "assistant manager" (instead of "ticket officer"), "employee of the sanitary service" (can be used instead of "scavenger"), contributes to the enhancement of social status and increased self-esteem.

"Intentional imitation"

There are different types of appeals in the Russian language. In general, the subject under consideration is not confined to concrete constructions, the meaning of which is directly aimed at the interlocutor. As a verbal socio-symbolic means is a deliberate imitation of pronunciation. So, for example, often, so that the child understands parents better, the latter adjust their speech to the nursery. But on the other hand, when there is a desire to step back from the interlocutor or a group of people, you can use elements, on the contrary, emphasizing the differences. For example, French Canadians like when their politicians pronounce their speeches to the public in English, using a strong French accent (even if the figure speaks pure English). In the Russian language, as a rule, this difference is reflected in the style of speech.

"High" and "low" styles

This tool also refers to the instruments of verbal social-symbolic communication. In this group, there are several subgroups. "High" style implies an emphatically correct and correct construction and further use of words and their combinations. This speech is perceived as more formal, formal, somewhat distanced. "Low" style is spoken language. As a rule, slang words predominate here. This pronunciation is perceived as informal.

"Influential" style

Using these or other methods, the speaker can contribute to the creation of a certain image. So, for example, the use of certain designs can make a person more confident in the eyes of others or more influential. But it can happen the other way round. An inappropriately used speech element can remove the interlocutors from the person, and he will lose the disposition of others. The one who pronounces words influences, as a rule, uses such a construction of the sentence: "Let's have supper today" instead of "I suppose we could have dinner tonight." It is believed that such treatment in the Russian language, as given in the first case, involves a call to action, directs the interlocutor to its commission.

"Infinite" style

Researchers have identified several forms of messages that do not have a significant impact on the interlocutor. In particular, they include:

1. Expressive subjectivity evasive turns. For example: "I believe", "It seems to me," "I think," and so on.
2. Linguistic "stuttering" - the elements expressing some indecision. In particular, they include separating interjections, such as "e", "well", "hm" and others.
3. Some polite words. To them carry: "Be kind", "Excuse" and so on.
4. Questions-endings: "It's cold here, is not it?", "Can we finish, do you think?".

"You" and "you"

Changing the style of treatment can be a method by itself, which is aimed at "lowering" or "increasing" the status of the interlocutor. It is believed that such treatment in Russian as "you" is associated with friendly, informal relations. While "you" reflects the emotional distance, officiality, formality.