What are the main features of the text? Characteristics of the text in Russian

Text is the highest unit of language. It consists of smaller language units - sentences and word combinations, words. Like any other phenomenon, it has its own characteristics and distinctive features that distinguish it from other linguistic phenomena. In addition, depending on the style to which it relates, the text has a number of additional features. Next we will consider what are the main features of the text and various functional styles.

What is text?

Text - this is a speech product, which consists of consistently interrelated different linguistic signs. It differs in its integrity and decor.

Compositional text consists of:

• Proposals;
• Paragraphs;
• Paragraphs;
• Sections;
• Chapters.

All these elements are linked together by one theme and goal. In order to determine whether a set of certain sentences is text, it is necessary to know the basic features of the text in Russian.

Each text has a definite, clearly expressed functional-style orientation - scientific, artistic, journalistic style , etc.

Basic Text Features

In order for a set of words and sentences to be called one whole, they must meet certain requirements. Here are the main features of the text that distinguish in linguistics:

1. Completeness, which implies a semantic completion.
2. Connectedness.
3. Unity of used stylistic means.
4. Interpretation and autonomy.

Only if all of the above characteristics are present, a composition of several sentences can be considered a text.

Completion

By examining the signs of the text, it is necessary to begin with completeness. This sign assumes that the text fully reveals the idea that the author put before him. All this leads to a complete perception and understanding of what has been read or heard by the recipient.

Having read the text, we need to understand its meaning, to see the connection between the topic and content.

Connectivity

This feature manifests itself in the arrangement of sentences in a certain logical sequence, which helps to reflect the development of thought. One sentence is a semantic continuation of the first, based on previously submitted information. This includes the design of the text with the help of grammatical and lexical means of the language. For communication, various keywords, repetitions, unions, synonyms are used.

Analyzing the signs of the text in Russian, especially connectivity, it should be noted that there are two main links between sentences - parallel and chain. At the first sentence, they are connected with each other due to the same order of words, similar structure.

In the second, the key word that carries the basic information acts as a bunch. It can be replaced by a synonym. In addition, verbs of the perfect kind are used.

Style unity

Analyzing the main features of the text, we can not fail to note the unity of style. Any text is made according to the peculiarities of this or that functional style. Depending on the chosen style, the lexical and linguistic means are chosen, the grammatical design of the text. Syntactic structures are also built on the basis of the selected style. So, in the conversational style simple sentences prevail, in the scientific one they are complex.

Integrity

This feature implies the simultaneous execution of the three features of the text described above. That is, the presence of connectivity, completeness and style unity.

Even if one or two traits were found in the proposed fragment, it can not be called a text until three basic characteristics of the text that we have previously described are observed.

Other signs

Let us also highlight other, less important signs of the text in Russian.

Proverb, which implies that the text consists of several sentences. At the same time, we should not forget that they should be linked together by a single theme.

And autonomy: each text has a beginning and an end.

There is also such a sign as informative - the text carries certain information. In general, it is determined by the theme and purpose of the utterance.

Distinctive features of styles

In Russian there are a number of functional styles - scientific, official, business, journalistic, artistic. Each of them has not only the main features of the text, but also a number of additional ones that help distinguish them among themselves.

Scientific style

Scientific style is used when writing articles and monographs, diploma and master's works, dissertations, scientific presentations, lectures. The main features of the scientific text: the use of terminology, complex sentences, impersonality of the author, which is manifested through the use of "we" instead of "I", thesis, the presence of introductory words and constructions, emotional neutrality.

Official and business style

The official and business style covers all official documents: laws, business memoranda, statements, protocols. The main features of this style - the direct order of words, the logic in the presentation, the use of cliches and language cliches, laconism, emotional and evaluative neutrality, the existence of standards. Often, this style uses regulated samples and forms.

Journalistic style

Publicistic style covers the entire scope of the media. Its main function is informing, influencing a person. Signs of the journalistic text - it is a logical and laconic presentation of information, imagery, evaluation, the existence of a call to action. An important feature is also the separation of information through headings and subtitles, visual effects. Suggestions in the texts of this style are both simple and complex.

Conversational and artistic styles

The artistic style is characterized by expressive-emotional vocabulary, the use of metaphors and comparisons, light constructions. He wrote all the works of art: stories, novels, poems.

Conversational style is used in oral speech, Internet correspondence. The main features of the text of this style are the use of colloquial and colloquial words, repetitions, incomplete and simple sentences. It also emphasizes the lack of a clear structure and logic of exposition.

Conclusion

We examined what are the main features of the text in Russian. So, will highlight the coherence, integrity and completeness of the text, style unity. If there is only one or two of the characteristics listed, it is not possible to call a text fragment a text. In addition to the features common to all texts, there are also features - lexical and grammatical, syntactic, thanks to which we can determine to which functional style this or that text belongs.