Transnistrian Moldovan Republic: map, government, president, currency and history

After the disintegration of the huge country that occupied the sixth part of the land, many independent states were formed, which immediately faced many difficulties. And some of the world even refuses to acknowledge. This is the Pridnestrovskaia Moldavskaia Respublika. It is inhabited by courageous people who not only challenged the whole "civilized" humanity, but also withstood the back pressure. However, the history of this not universally recognized state is very interesting. His appearance on the world map is conditioned not only by the will of the population, but also by previous events. It so happened that this territory from the eighteenth century descended into the Russian Empire. But let's plunge into the past a bit deeper.

How the territory was formed

The history of the Pridnestrovskaia Moldavskaia Respublika is not very different from that of neighboring lands. In ancient times, these places were sparsely populated. Mostly Slavic and Turkic tribes lived here. At one time the territory was part of Kievan Rus, then it was included in the Galicia-Volyn principality. In the 14th century the land was transferred to the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Since the inhabitants were few, the transition from one jurisdiction to another did not particularly affect people. Only in the eighteenth century, after these places were part of the Russian Empire, changes began to occur. Concerned about the protection of borders, the state encouraged the migration of citizens to these places. The population has become multinational. Among its inhabitants met Bulgarians and Russians, Germans and Greeks, and, of course, Moldovans. After the revolution, the Moldavian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was formed on this territory. It was part of the Ukrainian SSR. And only in 1939, when Romania was forced to return the union part of the previously occupied territories, the Moldavian SSR was formed , which included these lands. To understand the reasons why the population living in the territory did not want to remain in the new Moldavia, it is important to know its history.

Formation of the industrial complex

After the formation of the MSSR, the authorities began to send experts from the Union republics here. In the main, Ukrainians and Russians built up the present territory. For political reasons, it was here that the main industrial enterprises were created. By the time it was formed, the Transdniestrian Moldavian Republic has contributed 40% of the total GDP, generating 90% of electricity. In addition, the 14th Allied Army was based here, of course, the corresponding infrastructure was created. It turns out that the current Pridnestrovskaia Moldavskaia Respublika concentrated on its territory almost the entire industrial potential of the country that was formed after the collapse of the USSR.

Formal, but not recognized formation of a new state

The incident happened when our previously vast country collapsed into fifteen parts. That is, this division was recognized by the UN, but by no means inhabitants. Since Moldova was historically formed from two very different territories, its population was divided into "camps". The center considered the territory to be one-piece. Only in Transnistria they had a different opinion. The Parliament of the MSSR adopted the Declaration of Independence, which abolished the law on the formation of the republic within the Union. But the same act as it liberated the territory of Transdniestria from state ties with the new country, since it was included in the MSSR by the decision that was canceled by its parliament. In Tiraspol they did not lose their heads and proclaimed the PMR on November 5, 1991 (the full name is the Pridnestrovskaia Moldavskaia Respublika), which in their understanding was historically quite logical.

Administrative - territorial division

The Republic of the PMR is unitary, it consists of seven administrative units. They include five districts and two cities subordinate to the republic. These are Bendery and Tiraspol. The Pridnestrovskaia Moldavskaia Respublika (photo above) has its own state symbols. The flag is a red cloth with a green stripe in the middle. In the corner there are crossed sickle and hammer. In this territory there are eight towns and villages, one hundred and forty-three villages and four railway stations. Some of the settlements are under the administration of Moldova. In 2011, the population exceeded five hundred thousand people of thirty-five nationalities. Most of the people (40%) refer themselves to Moldovans, Ukrainians - 26%, Russians - 24%. The Government of the PMR uses three state languages, understandable to representatives of the main nationalities. The main religion is Christianity, although other groups of believers also work.

Geographical position

The Transnistrian Moldovan Republic (its map is in the article) is a rather narrow strip of land sandwiched between Moldova and Ukraine. She does not have access to the sea. The area of this country is 4,163 square kilometers. For reference: this is the tenth part of the former MSSR.

The President of the PMR works in the city of Tiraspol, the capital of the country. There are all government structures. The terrain here is flat, sometimes there are beams. Land is mainly represented by chernozem. The climate here is moderately continental, there is not enough precipitation, but this does not harm agriculture, since a large river, the Dniester, flows through the territory. In addition, the republic possesses minerals. PMR is developing glass sands, gravel deposits and building limestones. There is a ceramic clay here. In the forests that are located on the slopes of the Dniester, there are wild boar, roe deer, partridge, hare, otter, fox, ermine. The rivers are supplied with fish, there are also sturgeon in water bodies.

Conflict with Moldova

The self-proclaimed state was not recognized as the main part of the former MSSR, which, by definition of the UN, was its successor. Conflict long enough tried to settle. The Moldovan leadership created a peace plan, according to which the PMR was to form an "asymmetric federation" with it. In fact, the document rejected the independence of the territory, which was supposed to formally join Moldova, albeit with broad powers. Tiraspol rejected the proposal, because it was based on the principle of demilitarization, which is totally unacceptable for the population. There was a threat of a serious armed conflict.

At present, peacekeepers, represented by Russian, Moldovan and local military support the security here. Despite constant negotiations under the auspices of the OSCE, it is not possible to achieve a reduction in the tension of the conflict. The last surge was in the spring of 2014, when the local population appealed to the Russian president with a request to resolve the question of joining the PMR to the Russian Federation. This event occurred after the Crimean spring. Inspired people felt that they would have a chance to connect with the historical homeland. Back in 2006, ninety-seven percent of citizens spoke not just for independence from Moldova, but also for further membership in the Russian Federation. Seventy-eight percent of voters voted. But this referendum "civilized community" recognized as undemocratic.

President of the PMR

The republic has its own Constitution, which determines the order and form of its existence. According to the basic law, the president of the PMR is elected by direct vote. Elections are held every five years. There are certain restrictions applied to candidates. Only a citizen of the republic who has reached thirty-five years old can claim this position, more than ten of whom live in this country. Now the President of the PMR - Evgeny Shevchuk. He has a predecessor, who worked for this position for twenty years. This is Igor Nikolayevich Smirnov, who suffered many difficulties, while life in the country did not improve. The last presidential elections were held in 2011.

Economy

Despite the fact that large industrial enterprises are located in the republic, they do not give any income. Among the problems are called first of all the status of the state. It is not recognized that it interferes with establishing economic ties and participating in major projects. The products of enterprises are sold on the territory of Ukraine and Russia. The latter provides permanent support to the PMR. Thus, many sources point to the continuously growing debt of the unrecognized state for gas (400 percent of GDP). The TMR currency is the Transnistrian ruble. It began to be produced since 2005. In circulation there are denominations of 1, 5, 10, 25, 50, 100, 200 and 500 rubles. There are also coins of the Pridnestrovskaia Moldavskaia Respublika, namely: 5, 10, 25 and 50 cents. The banking system, as in other countries, is two-tiered. The first is a national institution, the second is a commercial institution. The currency of the Pridnestrovskaia Moldavskaia Respublika is quoted only on its territory. This is due to all the same unrecognized status of the state.

Tourist potential

The Republic is trying to attract investors. A special program has been developed for this purpose. This policy is facilitated by the convenient location and developed transport structure of the state. In addition, there are a number of settlements that have a rich history. The main one is Kamenka, where many architectural monuments are located. Among them: churches, wine terraces and cellars. Residents are happy to show tourists the farmstead of Field Marshal P. H. Wittgenstein, part of which is preserved in the city. In PMR (photo) there is a reserve - "Yagorlyk". Currently, the possibilities of developing green tourism in the republic are being considered, for which there is sufficient potential. Visitors are advised to see the church of the Monk Paraskeva of Serbian, which is located in the village of Valya-Adynke, the museum complex "Bendery Fortress". The inhabitants are justly proud of the paleontological complex Kolkotovaya Balka, which is a monument of nature of world significance.

Social sphere

The Government of the DMR pays close attention to education and health issues. Nine-year training is compulsory. A total of one hundred and eighty-four schools operate on the territory of the republic (six are private). At the same time, in thirty-three teaching is conducted in the Moldovan language, in three - in Ukrainian, in the rest - in Russian. In the PMR three state universities, in addition, there are branches of Russian and Ukrainian higher education institutions. For example, eleven thousand students are enrolled in the university (main university). Young people can get higher education in Russia, where their certificate is recognized. Healthcare operates on the basis of public funding. According to statistics, there are one hundred and twenty health workers and one hundred beds for every ten thousand people. There are service centers for certain categories of citizens, including women in childbirth and women with children, disabled veterans of the Second World War.

Trade

The state exports its own products and raw materials. The latter include cement, gravel, sand. Still on export there are products of ferrous metallurgy, mechanical engineering, the electric power and textiles. Most of the goods are consumed by the Russian Federation and Ukraine. But there are partners from the far abroad. They are Syria and Turkey, Serbia and Romania, with a total of about a hundred countries. The DMR also imports natural gas, raw materials for metallurgy, oil processing products. In the republic, there are not enough components for machine building, they also have to be imported.

In addition, part of the food is imported from abroad (mainly meat products). The main suppliers are enterprises of Russia and Kazakhstan, Moldova and Germany, Ukraine and Italy. The government is worried that imports significantly exceed exports from the country. Especially it concerns food stuffs. A program is being developed to develop its own facilities, natural conditions are favorable for this.

Military Doctrine

The DMR has its own armed forces created solely to protect its territory from external aggression. The military doctrine of the republic is presented as purely defensive. Unfortunately, the army is going to reflect the aggression of its closest neighbor - Moldova. The troops include land, border, internal and air forces. In addition, voluntary Cossack formations were created. The TMR President commands the armed forces. The Republic declared itself a neutral state. It does not enter any blocks and does not plan to enter. The army is completed on the basis of universal military duty, and the Cossack formations - on a voluntary basis. In order to de-escalate tensions in the region, the PMR repeatedly appealed to Moldova with a proposal to demarcate borders and initiate disarmament. There was no understanding in this matter. On the territory of the republic is the Operational Group of Forces of the Russian Federation. Its main goal is the protection of old arsenals belonging to the Soviet Army.