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Moldavian SSR: the history of education, description, districts and cities. The coat of arms and the flag of the Moldavian SSR

In this article we will consider what the Moldavian SSR is. This republic was located in the extreme south-west of the European segment of the Soviet Union, to which it belonged. MSSR was established in 1940, on August 2, and disbanded in 1991, on August 27. In the east, north and south bordered with the Ukrainian SSR, and in the west - with Romania. In 1989 its population was 4 337 thousand people. The city of Chisinau was the capital of the MSSR.

The most important cities of Moldova in 1989 were Chisinau (667,100 inhabitants), Tiraspol (181,900 inhabitants), Balti (158,500 inhabitants), Bendery (130,000 inhabitants). During the years of Soviet power , the cities of Ungheni, Rybnitsa, Floresti, Edinet, Ceadir-Lunga, Comrat grew from small towns and former villages.

Accession to the USSR of Bessarabia

The government of the USSR in 1940 on June 26 and 27 sent two notes to the Romanian leadership demanding that the occupation of Bessarabia be completed without delay. The Romanian Crown Council was not able to obtain the support of Germany and Italy, and therefore had to give consent to the Soviet authorities. The Government of Romania accepted the offer of a note dated June 28, 1940 on the return of Bessarabia, the order and timing of the withdrawal of its divisions and administration. The units of the Red Army entered the same day (June 28) in the Bessarabian province of the RSFSR.

The administration of the Ninth Army was disbanded on July 10. The lands of Bessarabia and the army left on these lands became part of the Odessa Military District.

Formation

In 1940, on August 2, the 7th session of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR was held, at which the law on the creation of the Union Moldavian Republic was adopted.

The Moldavian SSR acquired the following territories: 6 counties of Bessarabia (Bendery, Balti, Chisinau, Cahul, Soroca, Orhei) and 6 districts of the former Moldavian ASSR (Dubossary, Kamensk, Grigoriopol, Rybnitsky, Tiraspol, Slobozia). Also Izmail, Akkerman and Hotinsky counties of Bessarabia were transferred to the Ukrainian SSR.

Later, in 1940, on November 4, the Presidium of the USSR Supreme Armed Forces issued a decree confirming the change of borders between the MSSR and the Ukrainian SSR. Shortly before that, Molotov and Schulenburg signed an additional treaty, according to which German residents from Northern Bukovina (more than 14,000) and southern Bessarabia (about 100,000) were deported to Germany. After that, on the deserted lands, state farms were created, where people from Ukraine were invited.

The creation of the Moldavian SSR was carried out at a rapid pace. The republic included 61 settlements with inhabitants in the amount of 55 thousand people (14 settlements of the former regions of the MASSR, 1 village of the Cahul district, 46 villages in the Bendery district). 96 villages with a population of 203 thousand people (76 villages of Khotynsky Uyezd, 14 - Akkermansky and 6 - Izmailsky uyezds) left the Ukrainian SSR.

These changes were motivated by the predominance of the Bulgarian, Ukrainian and Russian population in the villages handed over to the Ukrainian SSR, and Gagauz and Moldavian in the transferred to the Moldavian SSR.

The result

As a result, the MSSR began to own a territory of 33.7 thousand km², where 2.7 million souls lived, of which 70% were Moldovans. The city of Chisinau has become the capital of the republic. After the reorganization of Bessarabia, the Moldavian SSR lost 10,000 km² of land and 0.5 million people.

In 1940, 8,000 indigenous people were repressed and deported , and in 1941 June 13 more than 30,000.

Bessarabia in the war years

During the Second World War, Bessarabia residents participated in hostilities from both sides. 10 thousand Bessarabians were called to the Romanian army: they fought against the USSR, and more than half of them gave their soul to God. The liberation of the Moldavian SSR from the Romanian occupation occurred in 1944. After the republic was occupied by the Soviet troops, 256 thousand Moldavians left the front, of which in 1944-1945 40 592 people lost their lives.

Demographic situation

So, we considered the formation of the Moldavian SSR. What happened then? To restore the economy of the new republic, 448 million rubles were allocated from the state budget of the USSR. First of all, bridges and ways of communication through the Dniester, blown up by the retreating Romanian army, revived. For the reconstruction of the complex of economic branches, parts of the Red Army were sent, assisted by the local population. All crossings across the Dniester on September 19, 1944 were rebuilt, and the import of machinery and equipment became possible in Moldova. In the winter of 1945, equipment for 22 large organizations was imported into the republic.

Economic situation

To restore the industry, the Moldavian SSR received coal (226,000 tons), ferrous metals (20,000 tons), petroleum products (51,000 tons). By analogy with the level of 1940 in 1945, sugar was produced 16% more, 36% higher knitwear, 84% vegetable oil, 42% bricks, 48% electricity, and 46% leather footwear. 226 collective farms and 60 state farms were reconstructed.

Many union republics (mainly the RSFSR) of Moldova were given cattle (10,800 heads), sheep (47,700 heads), seeds (17.4 tons), horses (17,300 heads), field-machinery and much more. However, in 1946 there was a famine and the number of cattle began to decrease. Thus, of the 25,000 goats and sheep provided by the RSFSR, by 1947 there were no more than 18,000 head. In 1949, wealthy peasants were deported from the country, and their inventory: machinery, land, livestock and crops - transferred to collective farms.

Hunger

As we see, the Moldavian SSR received impressive help. The history says that despite this, in the republic in 1946 a crisis came, however, as in other regions of the USSR. In Bessarabia, after the end of the Great Patriotic War, there was a shortage of food, and even in 1945, it turned out to be a dry summer. In connection with the lack of food, the number of offenses (mainly thefts) increased dramatically.

Because of the crisis, the peasants began to refuse to take the harvest (first of all, bread) to the state. Sometimes entire collective farms boycotted the collection of products. These incidents local authorities called "the facts of unhealthy moods." That is why the leadership of the USSR freed Moldova from the supply of some provisions to other union republics and to the Red Army.

It should be noted that since 1947, additional food supplies have been imported to Moldova from many republics of the Soviet Union.

Sovietization

The Soviet leadership continued the Sovietization policy of 1940, suspended because of the war. The power in the republic was dynamically strengthened. The Supreme Soviet of the Moldavian SSR and the government, after returning from evacuation, were first stationed in Soroca, and then moved to Chisinau. The leadership was engaged in the restoration of local bodies: the regional executive committees were created by direct appointment. In the autumn of 1944, city executive committees began to work, as well as rural, district and county ones. The activities of the prosecutor's office and the court were reconstructed.

On June 16, 1949, the Presidium of the Supreme Council issued a decree on the creation of district executive committees, city, county, village and township committees. On October 16, a new decree was issued on the establishment of districts and the abolition of counties. In December 1947 in the republic for the first time after the end of the war elections were organized for the local government - Soviets. Executive committees were elected at the first session of the Soviets. Management departments and special commissions were created at executive committees.

Deportations

The peasants, who disposed of an impressive amount of private property, supported the Romanians in 1941. This class was preserved in Moldova until 1949. In 1944-1945, the Soviet leadership was forced to forcibly dispossess such segments of the population. Kulakov, along with the property in the local police station put on the record. The Soviet government estimated that in 1946 there were 27,010 private owners of land on the territory of Moldova.

In the post-war years, the country began to starve, resulting in an anti-Soviet movement. Among the villagers, the most affected by hunger, were leaflets, in which people were called to resist the Soviet government. Along with anti-Soviet leaflets were issued religiously, they were distributed by local sects.

In 1949 on April 6, the Politburo of the Central Committee of the CPSU (B.) Issued a decree on eviction from Bessarabia of former sectarians, kulaks, landlords, businessmen and those who helped the German and Romanian occupiers and assisted the White Guards. Entire families were evicted from the republic. This process was called Operation South. From Moldova, 11,290 families were deported with 40,860 people. The government transferred the expropriated property to the ownership of state farms and collective farms, and sold houses and buildings to private individuals.

Moldavia was part of the USSR for 47 years until August 27, 1991, before the proclamation of its independence.

Administrative division

What was the Moldovan SSR? Its districts in the number of 52 units appeared as a result of the division of counties on November 11, 1940. Another 6 districts of the republic were taken from the Moldavian ASSR.

Moldavia owned the following uyezds:

  • Bendersky (Bendery, Kainarsky, Volontirovsky, Komratsky, Kaushansky, Cimisliysky and Romanovsky districts);
  • Beltsy (Bolotinsky, Beltsy, Briceni, Bratushansky, Edinetsky, Glodiansky, Kishkaren, Lipkan, Kornesht, Ryshkansky, Singerei, Skulyansky, Falesti and Ungheni districts);
  • Chisinau (Buzhor, Budesht, Chisinau, Calarasi, Kotovsky, Nisporeni, Leova and Straseni districts);
  • Cahul (Vulcanesti, Baimakli, Cahul, Taraclia, Kangaz and Ceadir-Lung areas);
  • Soroksky (Vetjuzhansky, Atak, Zguritsky, Drochia, Kotyuzhansky, Soroksky, Ocnitsky, Floresti and Tyrnovsky districts);
  • Orhei (Kiperschensky, Bravichi, Criuleni, Raspopensky, Orhei, Rezinsky, Telenesti and Suslensk regions).

Moldova had the following regions of the republican destination:

  • Dubossary;
  • Grigoriopolsky;
  • Rybnitsky;
  • Kamensky;
  • Tiraspol;
  • Slobodzey.

What else did the Moldavian SSR have? The cities of republican destination were in this republic as follows:

  • Kishinev;
  • Balti;
  • Bender;
  • Tiraspol.

Management

So, in 1940 the Moldavian SSR turned out to be part of the Soviet Union. Its highest leadership was carried out by the Communist Moldovan party, which was part of the CPSU. In 1990, multi-party elections began. It is known that the highest organ of the Communist Party of the MSSR was the Central Committee (CC). In 1940-1990 the first secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Moldova headed the republic.

In 1990, in April, after the elections, a coalition was formed from the Popular Front (a non-communist organization) and some members of the administration of the Moldovan Communist Party that abandoned communist ideology. This affected the distribution of leading posts: representatives of the Popular Front stood at the head of the executive branch, and the former communists became legislative. From April 27 to September 3, 1990 Mircea Snegur was the chairman of the Moldovan Supreme Soviet. He was elected president of the republic in 1990 on September 3. Mircea Druck was Chairman of the Council of Ministers from May 25, 1990 to May 28, 1991, then this post was held by Muravsky Valery.

The Supreme Council

What was the highest legislative body of Moldova in 1940-1991? It was the Supreme Soviet (unicameral), whose deputies (except for the 1991 elections) were elected on an uncontested basis for 4 years (for 5 years from 1979). Before the election of candidates approved the leadership of the Communist Party of Moldova.

The Supreme Council was not a permanent organization, its deputies gathered 2-3 times a year in a session that lasted a couple of days. For the conduct of administrative work, the politicians were elected by the continuously operating Presidium, which was considered the collective head of the republic.

Coat of arms

And now consider the coat of arms of the Moldavian SSR. It is a national symbol of the MSSR, based on the coat of arms of the Soviet Union. In accordance with the 167th article of the Constitution of Moldova, approved in 1978 on April 15, it contains an image of a sickle and a hammer placed in the sun. This composition is surrounded by corn cobs, ears of corn, bunches of grapes and red ribbon, on which there are inscriptions: below are the letters "RCCM", on the right side you can read the Russian slogan "Proletarians of all countries, unite!", In the left - the same phrase is written in Moldovan language. At the top the coat of arms is decorated with a five-pointed star.

The coat of arms of the Moldavian SSR has several versions. Initially, it was somewhat different from the late Soviet writing of the word "unite" in Moldovan and the length of the sun's rays. The new coat of arms of the republic was approved at the plenary session of the Moldovan government, which took place in 1990, on November 3.

Flag

And what does the flag of the Moldavian SSR look like? This is a rectangular double-sided fabric of red color, in the center of which the full length is drawn a green strip. On the red background in the upper left corner there is a basic detail of the coat of arms of the MSSR - a hammer and a sickle of golden color and a five-pointed red star, surrounded by a golden fringe.

The green strip occupies one-fourth the width of the fabric. Hammer and sickle are inscribed in an imaginary square, whose side corresponds to the fifth part of the width of the flag. Hammer and sickle handles touch the bottom corners of the square, and the blade of the sickle rests against the center of its upper side.

The five-pointed star was also depicted in a conditional circle with a diameter equal to a tenth of the width of the tissue. The leadership of the MSSR approved this flag by decree of January 31, 1952. Further, the cloth was described in Article 168 of the Constitution of the MSSR of 1978.

We hope that after reading our article, you got a full picture of the Moldavian SSR.

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