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The Russo-Iranian War of 1826-1828: description, causes, consequences and interesting facts

After the Persian campaign of 1722-1723. Part of Azerbaijan and Dagestan were annexed to Russia. However, later they had to be abandoned in order to avoid aggravation of relations with Turkey. At the end of the 18th century, Iran, with the support of France and Great Britain, tried to seize Georgia. Russia responded to this with a campaign of 1796. The bulk of the Georgian territory voluntarily joined the empire in 1801.

What events led to the Russo-Iranian war?

On the throne in the empire came Nicholas 1. This monarch was called "the iron king" because of the massacre of the Decembrists. Nikolai announced that he would continue the activities of his predecessor when resolving the "Eastern Question". The monarch sent an ultimatum to the Iranian sultan. In it, he spoke about the threat of the occupation of the Danube princedoms and demanded the fulfillment of the Bucharest treaty, offering to hold negotiations. The Sultan, in turn, accepted the key points of the agreement, sent the commissioners to Ackerman. Mahmud II intended to gain time. Before the Russo-Iranian war began, the Sultan was engaged in suppressing the Greek insurrection and military reforms. Many historians agree that the beginning of the negotiation process in Ackermann and the invasion of the Sultan's troops occurred simultaneously. This was due to the deliberate activities of Turkish and British diplomats. Britain exerted pressure on the Sultan, imposing on him a bonded contract of 1814, instigated by England, Mahmud systematically violated the world, demanding the return of territories that had retreated to Russia. Some authors also suggest that, as another reason for the Russo-Iranian war of 1826, there was an intensification of revanchist sentiments in the shah's court. Their appearance and development contributed to the successes of the Sultan's troops in the battles with the Turks. In addition, British diplomats, on their part, made every effort to stir up the conflict. For them, the Russo-Iranian war was an effective means of weakening the positions of the empire in the Middle and Middle East.

Trading disputes

There were also economic reasons for the Russo-Iranian war. In the 20-ies. The British began the development of a new trade road that ran from the Black Sea coast deep into the front of Asia. This way was known for a long time - from ancient times it was caravans of merchants. In 1823, the British first drove their goods to Iran on this road. However, the competition here was very high. The English could not defeat the Russian merchants by economic methods, and therefore decided to use political influence. The English envoy at the Shah's court actually achieved the position of an adviser. As Vatsenko reported, the Persian court, instigated by Great Britain, oppresses the Russian merchants. British diplomats sought to renew the disagreement between Persia and Russia.

The Russo-Iranian War of 1826-1828: preparation

In southern ports began to deliver ammunition, guns, guns, equipment. Numerous troops began to concentrate on the Russian-Iranian border. In 1825, English weapons for the Abbas-Mirza soldiers arrived in Isfahan. By the spring of the following year, it became known that the East India Company paid a shah's subsidy of 726 thousand rubles. At the same time, the latter was warned that other proceeds are possible only in the event of war with Russia. The higher clergy, the court, the British began wide-scale propaganda. At the same time, the Russian government was initially prepared to conduct peace talks on border disputes. Menshikov was sent to the sultan. However, the shah did not accept him. By this he made it clear that he does not agree to any negotiations. June 23, 1826 was issued a religious signature on the holy war. Already in July, the Shah's army suddenly attacked from the areas of Talysh, Karabakh and Yerevan.

Plans of the enemy

The Russo-Iranian War of 1826-1828. Began suddenly for the empire. The government of the state did not foresee such a turn of events and did not prepare for the battle in any way. The strategic plan was developed by British officers. He assumed the attack of Abbas-Mirza troops along the Karabakh direction and the seizure of Ganja and Shushi, then the invasion of Talish cavalry assembled in Agar and Ardebil. At the second stage, a combined campaign was planned toward Tiflis.

Offensive of the enemy

The Russo-Iranian war began with the retreat of the army of Nicholas I. The detachments of the enemy launched an offensive against Cuba, Nukh, Lenkoran, and Baku. Here the shah counted on an uprising among the Azerbaijanis. However, the population of their khans did not support. On July 16, the army of the Yerevan khan attacked the Russian border fortifications, located near Mirak. Abbas-Mirza crossed the Araks and began to rob the territory of Karabakh. His 60-thousand-strong army approached Shusha. The siege of the tower began, which lasted 48 hours. The Abbas-Mirza army was never able to break the resistance of the defenders. As a result, he was forced to withdraw the siege.

First victories

The Russian government hastily formed detachments. One of them, commanded by Madatov, acted as a forced march. On September 3, the detachment entered into a decisive battle with the 10,000-strong Persian army at Shamkhor and won a brilliant victory. Abbas Mirza hurried to the rescue of the defeated army. In mid-September 1826, the main Iranian forces approached Ganja. They consisted of 15 thousand people. Regular infantry, 20 thousand cavalry with 24 guns. The total number of Russian soldiers was 7 thousand people. The general-adjutant Paskevich commanded them. Despite numerical superiority, the Iranian united army was defeated. The remnants of the defeated forces fled for Araks. Upon learning of the defeat, the remaining detachments of the khans and the troops of the shahs also hastened to retreat. At the site of Mirak, a Russian detachment, commanded by Denis Davydov (the famous hero of the war of 1812), defeated the Iranian army. By this he eliminated the danger of an enemy invasion of Northern Armenia. This ended the Russian-Iranian war of 1826.

Second phase

In mid-March 1827, Nicholas replaced Ermolov Paskevich. Such a decision was caused by assumptions that the commander-in-chief was closely connected with the Decembrists, and their secret societies are also present in the Caucasus. According to the plan, which was drawn up under Yermolov, it was planned to cross the border by independent detachments and capture the fortresses of Sardar Abbad, Abbas-Abbad, Yerevan, Tauris, and then go to Tehran and sign a peace treaty there. Paskevich's troops went to Nakhichevan, capturing her, then to Abbas-Abbad. This fortress was considered a stronghold of Iranian domination in the southern territories of the Yerevan region. The battle ended with the complete victory of the Russian army. July 7, 1827 the fortress was captured. The fall of major cities forced the Iranian government to begin peace talks. January 25, 1828 capitulated the fortress of Ardebil. Paskevich's troops captured Marag, Urmia and opened a free road to Tehran.

results

The Russo-Iranian war ended with the signing of the Turkmanchay Treaty. In accordance with it, a mutual obligation was established concerning the exchange of envoys and the right to open trade missions and consulates in any city of the other side. In addition, a special act was signed. It included 9 articles. The act confirmed the Gulistan Peace, which granted merchants of both countries the right to free trade within another country. The results of the Russo-Iranian war were very favorable for the peoples of the Caucasus. The end of hostilities meant the security of their borders, the elimination of an external threat. After the annexation of Transcaucasia to Russia, the endless ravages of the Turks and Iranians ended. All this contributed to the cessation of civil strife, feudal disunity. The accession of Transcaucasia struck a powerful blow to the ambitions of Britain, which sought to subordinate the peoples of the Caucasus and Iran to its power, seeking to prevent the spread of Russia's influence in this region.

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