EducationHistory

The French Enlightenment

Enlightenment (the ideological trend in the 17th and 18th centuries) is based on the belief that in the knowledge of that natural order that corresponds to the true nature of society and man, mind and science play a decisive role. Enlighteners were the cause of human calamities considered religious fanaticism, ignorance and obscurantism. Being opponents of the feudal-absolutist regime, they advocated civil equality and political freedom.

French education received its vivid expression in 1715-1789, and it is no coincidence that this period was called the "Age of Enlightenment" (siècle des lumières). It united progressive minded representatives of art, natural scientists, philosophers, lawyers and others.

The French education of the 18th century created a fundamentally new concept of the relationship between the state and the individual, the priorities and main orientations of the modern enlightened individual, his ethical responsibility as a bearer of the highest authority - the mind.

In the 18th century in France, with the development of bourgeois relations and the strengthening of trade, feudalism became a relic, which manifested itself only in the social structure of society. Bourgeois, in contrast to his predecessors, believed that the implementation of the shifts for the better is possible only through the use of such a powerful measure as education - the mastery of knowledge, an education that correctly aligns the mind and relieves prejudice.

French education has become the most significant phenomenon in Europe. For his supporters, the role of reason was higher than belief, they opposed absolutism, the church, freedom of thought and artistic creation. During this period, the self-consciousness of the bourgeoisie is actively formed.

Starting with the 30-40's. In the 18th century, with the first wave of the enlightenment movement, aesthetic and philosophical disputes began to acquire greater sharpness and sharpness. Since 1757, at the regular Salon in Paris, various works of art have begun to be shown, giving food for heated discussions.

The philosophy of French enlightenment, which appeared more often in brilliant literary form, is distinguished by its radical social and anticlerical orientation.

"Patriarchs" of enlightenment in France are the French enlighteners Voltaire and Montesquieu, who laid the foundations of it and until the end of the 40s. Remained his leaders, losing the stage to a new generation. Montesquieu was not destined to see his heyday (60-70's), however, Voltaire in those years enjoyed great respect and popularity.

Voltaire, Rousseau, Montesquieu, Holbach, Diderot, Helvetia, Dahlamber are those great people who could realize the grandiose intention of creating a multivolume "Encyclopedia" in which the functions of educating citizens, propagandizing science, chanting creative work were united. Encyclopaedists, as the Enlightenment writers were called, sharply criticized the state order, religion, old views on society and nature. Without the extremely important rational grain contained in their teachings, neither liberalism, nor democracy, nor socialism of the 19th century would be conceivable.

Enlightenment is considered a variety of human utopias, having a powerful real content. French enlightenment is precisely the greatest human utopia. Its fundamental feature of worldview and doctrine is utopianism and illusory. The classificatory classics did not represent the causes, conditions and consequences of their activities, which is why they set great, but ultimately unattainable, unattainable goals.

The classic nature of the model of enlightenment implies its uniqueness and a certain uniqueness, however, it is the principles of its French model that have become the yardstick, the criterion of any other similar movement. The French Enlightenment became the spokesman of all that is common to this process as a phenomenon of world culture.

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