The device of the processor, as it actually works

In the modern world of computer technology, the processor is one of the most important places. The central processor is a high-tech and very complex device that includes all the achievements that appear in the field of computer technology, as well as in the areas adjacent to it.

Simpler device processor looks like this:

The core is the core (one or more). They are responsible for performing all trusted instructions;

There are several levels of cache memory (usually two or three), due to which the processor-RAM interaction is accelerated;

Controller RAM;

The system bus controller (QPI, HT, DMI, etc.);

The processor control device is characterized by the following parameters:

Type of microarchitecture;

Clock frequency ;

Cache memory levels;

The amount of cache memory;

Type and speed of the system bus;

The size of the words being processed;

Built-in memory controller (it may not be);

Type of supported RAM;

The amount of address memory;

The presence of a built-in graphics chip (integrated graphics card is not uncommon today and acts more as an addition to more powerful, discrete cards, although the device allows the processor to use quite powerful embedded solutions);

The amount of electricity consumed.

Processor and its characteristics

The core of the processor is literally its heart, which contains functional blocks that perform logical and arithmetic tasks. The kernels work as follows:

The sampling frame is checked for interrupts. Having found such interrupts, they are put on the stack. The command counter receives an address with the command of the interrupt handler. When the interrupt functions are completed, the data on the stack is restored. Next, the instruction instruction address is read from the sampling block. Hence, reading from the RAM or cache memory occurs, after which the data is sent to the decoding unit. Now there is a decryption of the received commands, after which the data is transferred to the sampling block. There, the data is read by the RAM or cache memory and transmitted to the scheduler, where it is determined which block the operation should be performed, after which the data arrives exactly there. The control unit of the instructions executes the received commands and sends the result to the block for saving the results.

Such a cycle is called a process, and sequentially executed commands are a program. The speed with which one stage of the cycle goes into the other, corresponds to the clock frequency, and for the time allocated for the operation of the cycle phase, the device itself of the processor, or rather its core, is responsible.

There are a number of ways in which you can improve the performance of the processor. To do this, raise the clock frequency, which has certain limitations. By increasing the clock frequency, you will certainly increase the power consumption and, as a consequence, the temperature, and this leads to a decrease in the overall stability of the device processor.

In order to avoid the need to increase the clock frequency, the manufacturers decided to go the other way, coming up with a variety of architectural solutions. One of these solutions is pipelining, the essence of which is that each instruction executed by the processor goes one by one to all blocks of the kernel, where some of the actions are performed. Thus, when only one instruction is executed, most of the blocks will be in idle mode. Thus, all modern processors work like this: after performing one operation, they immediately proceed to another, reducing idle time to a minimum and increasing the efficiency by as much as possible. Of course, ideally, it looks like the processor device always works with 100% efficiency, but this does not happen because the incoming commands are inconsistent.