Spores and mycelium of fungi

At present, a large number of species of various mushrooms are known - there are more than one hundred thousand. Although they assume that there are actually more of them - two and a half - three hundred thousand. Most of them grow on land. They are found everywhere, where there can be at least some life.

Mycelium

On the fruit bodies of fungi a lot of spores are formed. For example, in just one week at the champignon, their ripens 16 billion! When they are ripe, they begin to fall out of the body of the fruit. Disputes of the vast majority of fungi are carried by air currents over huge distances. Their distribution is promoted by animals, rodents, slugs, flies, larvae. This phenomenon is called zoochoria.

Getting into certain conditions, spores begin to germinate, develop hyphae, which grow very quickly in length and branch out. Mycelial fungi are formed. How to grow A fruitful body - read on. The mycelium permeates the substrate in all directions. Its threads quickly develop, digesting useful substances from the soil. Hyphae grow from various spores of mycelia. On separate sites they meet and unite. At this point a dense knot appears, from which the fruit body develops. If the conditions are favorable, the mycelium grows continuously. If conditions worsen, it becomes stiff and stops growing.

Mycelium: technology of obtaining

In order to grow mycelium myself, you need to make a loop of wire or knitting needles. Then ignite it on fire, so that no foreign microorganisms get caught. Further the mushroom breaks down, a small piece is cut out by a loop (the upper part of the leg is used). The resulting sample is treated with hydrogen peroxide and placed in a test tube, preliminarily calcining its plug. The container with a piece of mushroom is put in a thermostat or a dark place.

Mycelium develops a new environment in two weeks. After that, you can use to multiply the mycelium of fungi. How to grow a fruit body of champignons and ceps? We'll talk about this a little lower, but for now let's return to our test tube. The uterine culture is stored at a temperature of 1-2 degrees. Every year it can be moved to a new nutrient ground. But if it is stored for too long and often crosses, it is necessary to control its microbiological composition.

Varieties

The mycelium of the fungus is formed by thin colorless filaments, or hyphae, which are tubules with cytoplasm. In different mushrooms, the threads are intertwined in different ways, branch, coalesce, form bundles and films. They have unlimited growth and lateral branching. The mycelium of fungi is their vegetative body and for functional purposes it is divided into two parts:

• Substrate mycelium - permeates the substrate. With its help water is absorbed and transported with substances dissolved in it.
• The aerial, or superficial mycelium, rises above the substrate and forms the organs of reproduction.

Structure

The mycelium is harder to detect than the spores and the fruiting body, since it is completely submerged in the substrate. The mycelium of the fungus is formed by hyphae, which develop from spores. The growth of mycelium is apex, and it branches in all directions. Mycelium has a different growth rate and life expectancy, which depends on external conditions. As for the structure, the following types of the system under consideration are distinguished:

• Cellular mycelium - is divided into separate cells by partitions. Each cell has one core or several.
• The noncellular mycelium of fungi - has no partitions and represents one huge cell, inside of which there are many nuclei.

• The vegetative body of some fungi is a budding or dividing cell. If they do not disperse, pseudomycelium may form. One can only assume why some fungi have a vegetative body of this type. Apparently, adaptation to certain conditions of growth took place: a sacchariferous liquid in the form of juice of forest fruits or trees could get to the mycelium. This changed the structure of the mycelium.

For reference:

• Substrate is the soil with which the fungus feeds.
• Mycelium and mycelium are one and the same. They are represented by an underground cobweb.
• The fruiting body is the fungus.
• The vegetative body is a mycelium or mycelium.

Disputes and their growth

In order for the spores to germinate in the substrate, it must be of a certain moisture, temperature and acidity. For different species of fungi, these indicators are different. When the spore enters the normal environment, it begins to germinate. An initial mycelium is formed. Its cells have one core. Such a mycelium of fungi is not able to form fruit bodies. This happens when a single-nucleus cell is connected to another nucleus, the genetic structure of which is different. As a result of the fusion, binuclear cells are obtained. They are already able to form a mycelium, which grows into a fruiting body.

Spores of the fungus: structure

More often mushrooms reproduce by spores, thanks to which there is a rapid transition to another place and further reproduction. Part of the fungus is covered with a spore layer. Its structure is different:

• Plateau - when spores are formed on the plates.
• Tubular - spores are located inside the tubes.
• In vitro - the reproductive structure is located inside the fungus.

Disputes: how to get them yourself?

For the reproduction of the fungus need arguments. It is not difficult to get them. For this, an overripe, not wormy mushroom should be planted in the ground with a cap down to a depth of 5-10 cm. After 2-3 days, the hat is removed and the spores remain in the ground.

You can apply another method. For this, an overripe and not wormy mushroom cap should be crushed, then dunk the pieces in the river water for two days and put in a dark place. Permanent fluid should be poured on the garden, where it was planned to grow mushrooms. In 1-3 years the mycelium will germinate.

Mycelium of champignons

These mushrooms are a valuable food product. They are rich in proteins, vitamins, minerals. Champignons give high yields and are an advantageous crop for rearing on the backyard. They prefer shady places: under the crowns of trees and shrubs, in planting raspberries and strawberries, in the shadow of farm buildings and fences. The main thing is that they do not get direct rays of the sun.

Before planting mushrooms, the soil needs to be loosened up well. Weeds and roots of various herbs can not be removed if they do not interfere with other plants. The mycelium of champignons is sown on the prepared plot. Mushrooms do not have to wait long. After 2-2,5 months, the mycelium begins to bear fruit. Before this period, no visible changes on the surface of the site with a landing can not be detected. Sown mushroom top is closed with a small layer of compost.

Fruiting begins in early spring and ends in late autumn. With the onset of cold weather, you can also plant a mycelium of mushrooms. But the best periods for this are the beginning of September - the first decade of December, the end of February - the middle of May.

During the harvest, mushrooms should not be cut, it is better to unscrew them carefully. Then the fruit body will not remain in the ground and will not begin to rot, attracting insects. There is an opinion that it is impossible to pick mushrooms, because it can damage mycelium. Not at all. Champignon belongs to the group of mold fungi, it does not have a root system. All disputes will remain in the ground and will not perish. After you collect the mushrooms, they will grow again in two weeks.

For the winter cold season, the plantation should not be insulated. Spores and mycelial fungus will safely carry even very low temperatures. At this time, growth is suspended, the spores are asleep. In the spring they wake up and give a plentiful harvest.

Every year in the late autumn, when the fruiting period has passed, it is recommended to spread humus or humus to the mycelium. No chemical fertilizers! The mycelium lives for a long time, 8-10 years, increasing in size every year.

Mycelium of white mushroom

This mushroom can be planted indoors, but better - in the open ground. Choose a site next to fruit trees or under them. Then dig a hole 30 cm deep. It must be filled with fallen leaves, forest soil and peat. In the hole is placed mycelium of white mushrooms together with earth and moss. It is sprinkled with leaves and spruce, brought from the forest. The top of the mycelium is covered with boards. This will maintain a certain humidity.

In dry weather, twice a week should be watered mycelium. To increase the likelihood of germination in water, microorganisms can be added. For winter cold weather, the site with mycelium should be covered with fallen leaves, straw, lapnik or moss. With the onset of spring mulch is removed.

Chitin mycelium - what's the use?

The special healing properties of fungi are associated with the glucans and polysaccharides contained in them, including chitin. Let us dwell on them in more detail:

• The mycelium of the fungus is formed by chitinous fibers, which have anticancer activity and wound healing ability.
• The dried mycelium is applied to burns. Wounds heal faster and do not fester.
• Chitin fibers are of particular interest - as an analogue of food fibers.

• They are increasingly used in medicine - they are used for preventive purposes.
• In agriculture, the preparations, which contain chitin, are presowing seed treatment. After it they give good germination.