Spore formation is the process of spore formation. Examples

In nature, there are bacteria that have a unique property to form spores. How does this process occur, what is the dispute, the reader will find out by reading the article.

Disputes

These are organisms, consisting of a single cell, through which reproduction and dispersal occurs. What is a dispute? In translation, it is sowing, sowing, seed. Spores reproduce mushrooms, mosses, lichens, certain plant species and bacteria.

Disputes are different. So, in plants and mushrooms they perform the function of reproduction, but bacteria do not. Spores in bacteria protect them from the effects of adverse conditions, but not all bacteria are endowed with such properties.

What is a dispute? This is a microorganism, tens of times smaller than the cell of the bacterium itself, to which it is formed. Destroy it can only a special antibiotic or open fire.

The viability of the dispute can be envied. These microscopic organisms can persist for a long time, up to a thousand years. But, having got into favorable conditions, they are transformed, grow and multiply rapidly.

Varieties of spore-forming bacteria

Spores can form only bacteria-sticks. Depending on the size of the dispute, this is:

• Bacilli - the so-called microorganisms, the size of which is smaller than the width of the rod itself. The shape of the bacterium does not change during sporulation.
• Clostridia - spores in size larger than the diameter of the cell. Bacteria begin to swell and become spindle-shaped.

The process of spore formation among such bacteria as cocci and convoluted is extremely rare, as an exception.

Bacills

These spore-forming bacteria in the form of rods, number in their genus about two hundred species. They differ from non-spore-forming microorganisms in larger sizes. Among the bacilli there are pathogenic, damaging human health.

These include anthrax, the causative agent of which is anthracis - a bacillus that penetrates through lesions on the skin and exerts a toxic effect on the tissues, which are subsequently destroyed. The causative agent of anthrax is practically ineradicable. It can not be destroyed by heat, light and chemical effects. Only vaccination.

Clostridia

These bacteria belong to the spore forming species, in other words they are called obligate. Clostridia have large dimensions and the shape of a bent rod. They, in the main, live in living organisms, they are mobile and immobile. The first have flagella.

Clostridia, which have pathogenic properties, are endowed with a capsule-superstructure. This means that the cell has no contact with the external environment, it is in a capsule.

Clostridia have many species, some of which are capable of producing toxic poisons, such as botulinum toxin, a potent organic poison. An example of pathogenic species of clostridia are causative agents of botulism, gangrene, tetanus.

Spore formation in bacteria

This process in bacteria occurs when there is not enough food, air, dried habitat, in large quantities contained in it harmful metabolic products, there are sharp fluctuations in temperature. In short: spore formation is a mechanism that ensures the survival of bacteria under adverse conditions. The essence of spore formation is that the activity of microbes decreases and the intensity of the metabolic processes decreases.

сложный процесс. Spore formation is a complex process. The cytoplasm begins to lose moisture, it thickens and collects in the body of the bacterium. There it is covered with a dense shell in several layers, impermeable to various solutions, and takes the form of a new formation of round, ovoid or oval shape, which is called a spore. In the dense membrane of mature spores, the synthesis of DNA is reduced to a minimum. The maternal cell of the bacterium is destroyed, the spore loses its maternal cover.

The share of the shell in the total weight of the dispute is fifty percent. длительный процесс, для завершения которого необходимо около двадцати часов. Spore formation is a long process, which takes about twenty hours to complete. The appearance of the cell can remain the same or change. It depends on the size of the dispute and where it is located. If in the center - then the cage looks like a lemon, barrel or spindle.

Spore formation is a change in the shape of a cell, as the final stage of a complex process. For example, the formation of spores of tetanus bacillus occurs at the end of the cell, as a result of which it acquires a completely new form and becomes like a drumstick.

Spore bacteria are more resistant to freezing, drying, prolonged or short-term boiling, exposure to chemicals. There are vegetative forms of bacterial formation and spore formation. Examples of the latter: pathogens such diseases as anthrax, botulism, tetanus and some types of saprophytic soil inhabitants, which can be found in manure.

Germination

When the spore shell enters a favorable environment for it, it begins to swell. This process occurs until the shell is completely destroyed. At a time when the tissue of the shell is torn, through this large gust of a young cell and falls into the external environment.

In this way, the spore germinates in aerobic bacteria. Anaerobic bacteria in sporulation do not lose the outer cell membrane. With the external environment, the controversy does not touch, its contact occurs with the cell membrane. When favorable conditions arise, nutrients enter the cell through the cover. The spore begins to germinate.

Bacteria and products

Spore formation in bacteria is undesirable when processing and storing individual products. If this process occurs, it will be difficult to fight microorganisms. To destroy spores in canned food, for example, the product must be sterilized, which will greatly reduce its quality. To preserve milk for a long time, it is sterilized, and this leads to loss of the original properties and vitamin A. Note: the temperature of heating during sterilization is 120 degrees.

When pasteurization, to maximize the preservation of nutrients, milk is heated only up to 80-90 degrees. This affects the shelf life: milk quickly deteriorates, as during the pasteurization of spores do not die, but on the contrary, at room temperature they germinate and start to multiply rapidly, because of what the product spoils.