Segregation is .. Actual and legal segregation. Gender segregation. Examples.

Segregation is a term derived from the Latin word segregatio. Literally it is translated as "separation", or "restriction". Segregation is of various kinds - they will be considered in the article. In addition, the issue of gender segregation will be raised (this phenomenon differs somewhat from the usual practice of applying the concept), the degree of its influence on the professional and especially the political sphere.

What is segregation: definition

We begin, as usual, with terminology. Segregation is a phenomenon by which one understands the policy or practice of separating racial or ethnic groups of the population. This can be manifested in the restriction or prohibition of cohabitation, study and / or work, other forms of social activity.

Graduation

Segregation is divided into the following levels:

• Microsegregation - includes the delineation of public places (for example, toilets, showers, wagons and so on). An example is the US until the sixties of the last century: the division of the white and black population;
• Meso-segregation - separation of one part of the population from another within the city by districts (example - ghetto);
• Macrosegregation - the division of peoples over large areas (example - reservations).

Types of segregation

By type, two main groups are divided: segregation (examples will be considered during the explanation, as well as in the previous paragraph), actual and legal.

Both types in the name itself are the key to unraveling, that is, the interpretation of terms. Actual - on the fact of availability, legal - according to the country's legislation.

Actual segregation

Actual segregation is a spontaneous, self-formed phenomenon. It arises in multinational and multiracial societies, when the dispersal, the division of labor and training between representatives of different groups (religious, racial or ethnic) occurs "by itself", during the development of society. The practice of such segregation is what is typical for megacities, large cities. The clearest example is the division of ethnic groups by place of residence in Western states.

Legal Segregation

Legal segregation is officially fixed by legislation or some other document, that is, legal confirmed, separation. The policy of legal segregation is a phenomenon manifested in the isolated and often compulsory resettlement of various races and ethnic groups. Examples are ghettos, reservations and so on. Legal segregation is usually accompanied by restrictions in rights and freedoms, such as movement, choice of profession, residence and study.

This type of segregation is also a form of discrimination based on national, religious and racial grounds. Especially tough forms he took during the Nazi regime in Germany.

Gender segregation

Gender occupational segregation is a phenomenon in which there is a separation of men and women from the possibility of obtaining positions of different status. This refers to the professional and structural framework.

It also has two types.

Horizontal segregation

The concept, which includes gender segregation in labor industries. This means that some areas in which women work are associated with femininity, and those in which men, respectively with masculinity.

Vertical segregation

The division is not in the branches of the profession, but in different types of work performed by a representative of a particular gender.

Stereotype for "male" and "female" professions

The phenomenon of horizontal occupational segregation is associated with typical notions of "male" and "female" occupations. Despite the fact that some skills are actually inherent in one gender more than the other, nevertheless stereotypes do not arise on the basis of these biological characteristics, but the natural distribution of social roles.

Feminization of the Regions

Feminization of the areas of labor is reduced to the fact that some professions, previously considered "male", now become "unisex", that is, do not depend on gender. Studies also show that the higher the level of feminization, the lower the level of remuneration in such areas.

Hierarchical structure of posts

Vertical occupational segregation is supported by a set of different genders at different levels of the same professional group. And women are put on lower levels, and men, respectively, to higher levels.

Political sphere

Gender stereotypes also affect the political sphere. First of all, it is necessary to understand that they will exist, as long as there is a difference between the sexes.

In the political sphere, the concept of leadership is particularly important, which differ significantly for men and women. The first, for example, is more often attributed competence, and the second - expressiveness.

Since there is gender segregation in the political sphere? If we consider this phenomenon on the example of the Russian Federation, we can clearly see that women's representation at the level of the State Duma's chambers is extremely low.