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Population and area of Bashkortostan. Republic of Bashkortostan: the capital, president, economy, nature

Tourists from around the world come to the republic to study its culture and admire the sights. The area of Bashkiria is great, and nature is diverse and unusual. If you ever wanted to go there, be sure to do it.

History

For the first time the republic and its inhabitants are mentioned in written materials of the 10th century. Numerous mountains of Bashkiria were inhabited by one part of the indigenous people, the other part lived in the privatized steppes. Their main activities are hunting, cattle breeding and fishing.

In the 12th and 14th centuries the Bashkirs were oppressed by the Tatar-Mongols, after the collapse of the Horde, the very existence of the people was threatened - people were suppressed, divided. In 1557, it was decided to join the Russian state. Gradually the territory of Bashkortostan begins to be populated. To protect against enemy raids, several fortresses were founded. Local residents adopted the Russian experience of farming. In the 18th century, the Southern Urals became the center of the mining industry.

The Bashkirs took an active part in the Peasants' War. Their detachment was headed by the poet and talented military leader Salavat Yulaev, taken prisoner by the government and sent into exile after the defeat. Subsequently, he became a national hero.

With the advent of the Soviets, an autonomous republic was formed. In 1992, in connection with the collapse of the USSR and the change of power, it was renamed. The beautiful region was called the Republic of Bashkortostan. This is how we know him today. To the question "how many years of Bashkiria?" It is difficult to answer unambiguously. As an independent region the republic was formed more than 700 years ago. But her birth is attributed to the middle of the 15th century - just then she was annexed to Russia.

Area of Bashkortostan

The Republic is located in the southern part of the Ural Mountains, at the turn of Europe and Asia. In the neighborhood are Perm, Sverdlovsk, Chelyabinsk, Orenburg. In the west and north-west neighbors with Tatarstan and Udmurtia, respectively. The exact area of Bashkiria is 143 600 thousand square kilometers (this is 0.8% of the total territory of Russia).

The capital of the republic is the city of Ufa. Beloretsk, Ishimbay, Kumertau, Neftekamsk, Salavat, Sibay, Sterlitamak are big cities that Bashkiria can boast of. The language by which its inhabitants communicate is Russian. They also speak native Bashkir, and in some areas people communicate freely in Tatar. The population of the republic (according to the 2010 census) is 1 172 287 people. In the world there are about 2 million Bashkirs.

Weather and climate

The climate of the republic is continental. The weather in Bashkiria is variable, at times unpredictable. A low mountain range does not prevent the penetration of Siberian air masses.

Summer in the republic is warm. The temperature in the steppe zone of the foothill Urals rises to 40 degrees. On average, in July the temperature rests on the position from 16 to 20 ° C. The number of sunny days in the capital is around 260. The winter in Bashkiria is quite severe. The negative temperature is around 15 degrees, but sometimes the thermometer drops to -40 ° C. Typical for the steppes are snowstorms that blow snow from the elevated parts of the valleys of the Urals. Snow appears in September and lasts until April. The weather in Bashkiria directly depends on the wind, on average, it develops a speed of 3.4-5.2 meters per second.

Nature

Most tourists come to the republic to admire the diversity of its nature. Traveling through Bashkortostan, be sure to look into coniferous and deciduous forests. Proudly and majestically located in them noble oaks, light limes, holly maples, sharp fir. The area is rich in chic flora and diverse fauna - beasts that are characteristic of the taiga live in these forests. Mice, jays, badgers and hedgehogs are just a small part of the animals that can be caught sight of the tourist.

Forest-steppe of Bashkortostan is rich in foxes, wolves and hares, in places it is possible to meet roe deer. In the most open areas, steppe rodents live. Gulls and ducks settled near the lakes. Steppe area is scarce with trees, there are few plants here, cereals such as oats and feather grass grow. Of the local residents - gophers, jerboa. Many birds of prey - eagles, eagles, kites. Often they can be seen hovering in the air or sitting on the slopes - so they watch and look out for prey. Steppe lakes of Zauralye are teeming with birds, and near the rivers one can meet inhabitants of neighboring forests.

Mountains of Bashkortostan

The most important tourist attraction of Bashkortostan is its magnificent mountains. Here is located the largest mountain of the Southern Urals - an eminence with two peaks of Yamantau, from which many rivers flow down. Another popular mountain is the holy Iremal, which was strictly forbidden to climb until the 19th century. Mount Premel is the mother of two rivers, swimming in which one can be charged with remarkable strength for a long year ahead.

There are legends about the appearance of the Yurak-Tau, Kush-Tau, Shakh-Tau and Tra-Tau mountains. It is believed that many years ago the arrogant jigit Ashak was in love with the daughter of the old Urals, the beautiful Agidel. He tried to get the girl's attention, but his feelings were not mutual. He sat down on horseback and chased after his beloved. After catching up, he hit her with a whip, which angered the old man of the Urals. He turned his daughter into a fast river, and Ashak could not catch the unruly Agidel - the water flowed through his fingers.

He decided to send a falcon after the girl, but he also failed. Everything was realized by Ashak, he tore his own heart out of his chest, threw it at the feet of his beloved. She touched him, but could not return to human form. Now on the site of the tragedy there are four shihans - Yurak-Tau (heart), Kush-Tau (bird), Shah-Tau (Ashak) and Tra-Tau (Bashkir mountain).

Rivers

Rivers, like mountains, are the pride of a beautiful republic. The biggest and strongest river in Bashkiria is Belaya. It flows, wriggling, along the Ural and along the western foothills. Its tributaries are the rivers Nugush, Sim, Ufa and Dema. In November, after severe frosts, the rivers are rapidly chilling. After 5 months, they gradually thaw.

In the forest and steppe areas, you can count a huge number of lakes, different in size. They are wide, but shallow, and many of them are overgrown with reed, sabelnik and other marsh vegetation. Lakes are different - fresh, salty, but they are all beautiful in their individuality.

Nature reserves

A large area of Bashkiria is occupied by valuable nature reserves.

  • The State Reserve . Located on the border of broad-leaved and birch forests, it is close to the trans-Ural steppes. The plant and animal world is very rich, it is inhabited by both mammals and large predators. Workers of the reserve monitor the conservation and breeding of birds and animals, many of which can be found in the Red Book.
  • Shulgan-Tash . In the Russian Federation there are no analogues of this place - on the territory of the reserve are protected and studied wild bee bees. They easily tolerate the cold and are resistant to diseases, and their productivity is higher at times. Also in the reserve are protected rare birds.
  • Bashkir National Park . It is filled with rare species of plants and animals. Tourists have the opportunity to walk along ecological paths (specially designed routes).

Modern Bashkortostan

Bashkortostan is one of the most economically stable regions of the Russian Federation. The republic has developed industry, and the capital is ideal for doing business (according to Forbes rating). The living wage in Bashkiria is set by the government at a rate of 8,691 rubles per capita. For the labor - 9205, for pensioners - 7061, for children - 8856.

Cereals and industrial crops are grown on the fields, sheep, horses and birds on farms. Popular woolen production and beekeeping. The republic has developed oil refining, machine building and metalworking. The plants of Bashkiria are engaged in woodworking and the production of building materials.

There are 1,644 pre-school institutions, 1,587 schools and 10 state universities in the republic.

Sphere of tourism

Tourism is one of the main spheres in the life of Bashkortostan. It is often called the second Switzerland because of the diversity of natural resources. Going on a trip, be sure: here you can offer you different options for rest in sanatoria and resorts. You can stop at the hostels, in comfortable hotels or budget hostels.

The Republic of Bashkortostan offers its guests to take advantage of numerous tourist routes. At your choice - hundreds of summer and winter bus tours, including passing through the capital and reserves. For fans of horseback riding, rafting on catamarans or kayaks, too, there will be fun. You can book a ski or bicycle tour, snowmobile safaris, trekking, caving, or a simple excursion.

Ufa - the capital of Bashkortostan

Ufa is located in the heart of Bashkiria, at the junction of the three main rivers. The history of the city dates back to 1574 - then Ufa was the first Russian fortress. Gradually spreading its influence on all corners of the republic, the fortress held defense and reflected the raids of enemies.

In the city there are numerous theaters open for visitors, in which you can see drama and comedy, opera and ballet, watch a puppet show. Tourists can spend their time in the national and art museums of the city, as well as look at religious monuments and go to modern cinemas.

Ufa is a very beautiful and picturesque city. On the edges of the busy thoroughfares, lime trees, poplars and maples stand evenly. Houses are replaced by parks, and parks - by houses. The main highlight of the city is the views of the river fares. They are accessible even to the unaided eye: in the distance you can see the green floodplain, pouring out the bends of lakes and rivers, which slowly go to the horizon. A little farther round round hills, covered with bright green. In the west - a magnificent valley of the river Demos with windmills, forests and beaches - the favorite places of rest for the residents of the city.

Head of the Republic

In 2014, Rustem Zakievich Khamitov was elected for a second term. His political career began with the appointment of the chairman of the Commission on Ecology, then he worked as a director of the Institute, and in 1994 became Minister of the Environment. Behind him are many years of work in the structure of the Ministry of Emergency Situations. In 2010, the former president of Bashkortostan Murtaza Rakhimov resigned. Rustem Khamitov was appointed to his place by Dmitry Medvedev. The State Assembly of the Republic supported his candidacy. On July 15, 2010, Rustem Zakievich Khamitov officially started work at this important post.

Khamitov instills youth love for sports, develops international relations. The President of Bashkiria travels throughout the republic, actively participates in all her life.

National cuisine

  • Bisbarmak - boiled horse meat or mutton, cut into pieces. As a side dish - noodles with broth from meat.
  • Dried sausage from horse meat.
  • Acid-salted curds (short).
  • Berry pastille.
  • Kumys is a milk drink, which is prepared from mare's milk. Kislovat taste, the benefits of koumiss are appreciated all over the world.
  • Buza - a drink based on germinated grains of rye or barley.
  • Ayran is sour milk, diluted with water. An ideal assistant in the fight against thirst.

Traditional clothes

A long shirt with a turndown collar and a short sleeveless shirt (camouflage), worn on top, is the basis of the male national costume. A warm sheepskin coat in winter or a warm robe (veins). On the legs are boots with a cloth shank and soft leather tips (saryk) and hand-made leather shoes (kata). The poor had to wear bast shoes. On the head one could put on a skullcap, and on top - a hat from the fur of an otter or beaver.

Women's clothes are wide, long to toe dresses, embroidered with multicolored ribbons along the hem. In the light went out, wearing an apron with a rich embroidery and a sleeveless t-shirt trimmed around the edges. As outerwear used gowns decorated with plates and beads, in winter - a fur coat. Headdresses - a scarf made of chintz and a fur hat. Shoes are like men's: saryk with embroidery, kata with heels. Girls from wealthy families wore various ornaments: rings, necklaces, bracelets, earrings, pendants.

At the present time one can see traditional costumes on the elderly people or during ceremonial events, as well as performing folk dances and songs.

Celebrations

  • The Day of Bashkiria is connected with the adoption of the Declaration on State Sovereignty of the Republic. It is celebrated on 11 October.
  • Constitution Day - December 24.
  • Uraza-Bayram - marked in accordance with the lunar calendar. Celebration in honor of the end of fasting in the month of Ramadan.
  • Kurban-Bayram - like the previous holiday in Bashkiria, is appointed according to the lunar calendar. This is an Islamic holiday, celebrated in memory of the sacrifice of the prophet Ibrahim.
  • Sabantuy. The time of celebration is established by the decree of the government. It is held in honor of the end of spring field work.
  • Salauat yyyyny is another holiday in Bashkiria, a republican folklore festival in honor of Salavat Yulayev.

Places worth visiting

Walking in Ufa? Visit the monument of Bashkir architecture - the mausoleum of Hussein-Bek and Kazhene (translated "house of decay"). It is located 40 kilometers from the capital, the time of their erection is the 11th and 13th centuries, respectively.

In the Shulgan-Tash preserve, do not pass by the Kapova Cave (the right bank of Belaya). Having three floors with a total length of 1.8 kilometers, it is an important monument of archeology. In the territory of the national park "Bashkiria" there is the natural bridge of the Cooper. Many years ago the river broke through the underground channel, forming a large cave that collapsed with time and created a work of art - its part continues to hang over the river as a bridge.

In Birsk you can find out all about the folk crafts of the indigenous peoples of Bashkortostan. Here is a factory of art products, which produces souvenirs from the capo-root (an outgrowth on the roots and trunks of birch) and various products made of clay.

The republic can boast of many cultural monuments, as well as places that are not so - they are just very beautiful. Guests of Bashkiria like to visit the Ufa Plateau (along the Ufa River). The view is beautiful: a fast river framed by green forests, caves and funnels, beating springs - from all this breathtaking!

The nature of Bashkiria impresses with its unique and inexplicable beauty. In words it is impossible to describe all of its beautiful places, but they can be seen live. When planning a trip, be sure to think about Bashkortostan - a wonderful land with a rich nature.

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