Nonwoven material: density, production and application

Nonwovens are a special type of fabric produced without the use of flat thread weaving techniques. There are many types of such products to date, as well as the methods of its production. Widely and the scope of the material of this species. Most often, non-woven fabric is used in construction and agriculture, as well as in tailoring.

A bit of history

For the first time the nonwoven material was manufactured in the second half of the 19th century in the USA. The first canvases of this variety were made from synthetic fibers, fastened together by starch. A special distribution in the 19th century, this material, called the PELLON, was not received. It was quite widely used only in the years of the Second World War. Americans used it to make camouflage products.

In the 70s of the last century, pellets were used for the first time in agriculture as a covering material. At the moment, it is used for 30% of the agricultural area of the EU countries. In the USSR, such material was produced in very small quantities and was used mainly in the garment industry. It was widely spread in our country only in the 90s. Now it is produced by many Russian companies. For example, a very high-quality product of this type is produced by the Podolsk non-woven fabric factory "Ves mir", founded in 2000.

Density

Non-woven fabric can be manufactured in different ways, have different thickness, appearance and purpose. However, the main characteristic of such cloths is, in most cases, strength. The latter, in turn, depends on the surface density of the material. This parameter can vary between 10-600 g / m ² in different groups. So, for example:

• A non-woven needle-thread material usually has a density of 235-490 g / m ² .

• In needle-punched fabric this figure is 210 g / m ² .

• The density of textile fabrics is 216-545 g / m ² .

• Flizelin has a surface density of 90-110 g / m ² .

• In the filleting fabrics, this figure is 63-310 g / m ² .

• The density of non-woven glued material is 40-330 g / m ² .

Fabrics of this type can be produced mechanically or glued. The basis of any such material is a canvas made of natural and synthetic fibers laid in rows. To obtain a fibrous structure, such a web is combed.

Mechanical methods of production

The fastening of the non-woven base of this technology is carried out using additional yarns. Mechanical way, for example, make canvas sewing materials. In this case, the base fibers are fastened together by threading them. When using needle-punched technology, the canvas-forming elements are pre-entangled with each other. The result is a fairly dense structure of the fabric. To give greater strength, it is stitched with thick threads. At the same time they use special tools with jags. Needle-piercing method of making canvases is at the moment the most popular. This technology is used by each nonwovens plant.

The filamentary materials are made by passing the substrate with one or more fiber systems. This canvas differs from canvassing, primarily by its appearance. The material of this group is similar to a cloth.

On sale today there are also fabric-made textile fabrics. This variety is produced on a very light basis also by sewing it with a system of pile threads. Such canvases can be both smooth and terry.

Manufacture of non-woven materials by glueing

This technology is used in the manufacture of most types of nonwovens. Fixing of fibers in the canvas in this case is done by impregnating them with different types of glue compounds. Most often, synthetic latex is used for treatment. Another common technology is hot pressing. In this case, the fibers are glued together with thermoplastics at a very high temperature.

Sometimes the oldest technology is used for the production of non-woven glued materials - on paper machines. It was with the use of such equipment that pellon was produced in America. In this case, the binder can be introduced either directly into the mass fed to the machine, or even into the finished fabric.

Using canvas sewing canvases

Such a nonwoven material is distinguished by its large thickness, massiveness and looseness. Its main advantage is high thermal protection properties. Canvas sewing canvases are very dense and wear-resistant materials that can cause significant shrinkage. They are used most often as lining in the production of clothing. Also sometimes they are used as a basis for the manufacture of artificial leather.

Where needle-punched material is used

Thanks to the porous structure, this group of canvases also has good thermal protection properties. In addition, the advantages of such material include resistance to washing and dry cleaning. Needle piercing fabrics are usually used in the manufacture of carpets and floor coverings. Like linen piercing, they are also used for making linings of coats, jackets and coats. However, in the latter case, the needle-punched non-woven fabric usually has to be impregnated with glue compositions. The fact is that his fibers are quite tough, and therefore in a free state they are able to penetrate through the upper fabric of clothing and spoil its appearance.

It is the needle-punched method that produces the most common non-woven material - dornite. Geotextiles are used in the arrangement of drainage systems, the breaking up of lawns, the erection of foundations, etc. Also, the needle-punched method is sometimes used in the production of the most popular type of covering material for greenhouses and hotbeds - spunbond. However, more often this type of fabric is produced yet by glueing (hot pressing).

Application of yarn and woven fabrics

Both of these varieties are also quite in demand in industry. The main advantage of thread-cutting cloths is diversity in appearance. These methods can be produced as very thin translucent materials, and massive furniture. Costumes, evening dresses, casual wear, scarves, napkins are often made using this technology.

The advantages of textile fabrics are a stable structure and hygiene. For such an indicator as wear resistance, they exceed all other types of nonwovens. They use such a cloth mainly for sewing gowns and beach suits.

Where are glued canvases applied

Most often this nonwoven material is made from a mixture of cotton and kapron fibers. Apply it usually when sewing clothes. For example, it is inserted into the collars, hoods and slots to give the latter rigidity. The materials produced on paper machines are most often used for the production of a variety of dressing medical materials.

As you can see, the field of application of non-woven cloths in our time is really very wide. Their excellent performance makes them indispensable when sewing many types of clothing, growing plants, installing drainage systems, etc. The production technologies for such materials are not particularly complex, and therefore their cost is usually low. Basically, this explains the extraordinary popularity of this variety of canvases.