HealthMedicine

Local anesthesia - its types, contraindications and complications.

Local anesthesia is a temporary loss of pain in a specific area of the body. With this type of anesthesia, the patient is conscious, but does not feel any pain. Local anesthesia is used when performing simple and short-lived operations, and also if there are contraindications to general anesthesia.

Local anesthesia: Species

  1. Epidural anesthesia is a conductive anesthesia, the action of which is achieved due to drug blockade of the spinal root. With this type of anesthesia, with the help of a special catheter, an anesthetic is injected into the epidural space located between the vertebrae. The effect of the drug comes in 10-25 minutes. Applied in carrying out various types of surgery in all areas of medicine.
  2. Terminal anesthesia is anesthesia, which is performed by directly affecting the tissue of the necessary organ. Typically, this type of anesthesia is made by lubricating the surface of the mucosa or by instilling the necessary anesthetic. It is often used in dental, ophthalmic and urological practice.
  3. Spinal anesthesia is a kind of anesthesia, the effect of which is achieved by injecting an anesthetic into the subarachnoid space by performing a spinal puncture. It is often used in operations on the pelvic organs, genitourinary system and abdominal cavity. But this local anesthesia is unsafe, since there is a risk of blockade of the vascular and respiratory centers.
  4. Intravenous anesthesia - a kind of regional anesthesia, is performed by injecting an anesthetic drug into a vein. It is used for small-time and low-traumatic operations on the limbs.
  5. Conductive anesthesia is the direct injection of novocaine into the nerve or the tissues surrounding it. Most often, such anesthesia is used in operations on the upper limbs and fingers.
  6. Intercostal anesthesia is the introduction of an anesthetic into the intercostal space. Applied with chest damage, fracture of ribs.
  7. Intraosseous anesthesia is one of the variants of intravenous anesthesia, performed by injecting an anesthetic into the spongy substance of the bone, which after a while fills all the veins of the limbs, resulting in anesthesia.

Local anesthesia: contraindications

  1. Allergy to medicines used in local anesthesia.
  2. Presence of purulent formations at the site of puncture.
  3. Shock condition.
  4. Hypotension.
  5. In some cases, obesity and deformity of the spine.

Local anesthesia: complications

  1. The defeat of the human nervous system, which is accompanied by drowsiness, ringing in the ears and dizziness. Sometimes there may be cramps.
  2. Allergic reactions in the form of manifestations on the patient's body of rashes accompanied by itching. In severe situations, anaphylactic shock is possible.
  3. Lowering blood pressure, which can lead to cardiovascular collapse.
  4. The occurrence of bradycardia, which can lead to cardiac arrest.

To the note: one of the most popular types of general anesthesia is endotracheal anesthesia, which is performed by feeding a narcotic substance and oxygen through a tube inserted directly into the trachea without involving the nasal cavity and mouth in this process.

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