India In Xi W.

In the XI-XII centuries. The political map of North India was completely different, but essentially nothing has changed, only more rival forces have become. In the upper part of the valley of Jamna, the family of Tomars ruled, who founded the city of Delhi and made it his capital. To the south, in Rajasthan, Chauhany ruled with its capital in Sakambhari. To the south, in Gujarat, was the power of Chaulukyev from Anahilapataka. To the east of Gujarat, in Malva, Paramara ruled with the capital in Ujjayini. In the Bundelkhand, that is, in the area to the south of Jamna, with the capital in Calanjar were Chandelles. To the south of them, around the city of Tripuri, were the possessions of Kalachu- riev. In the middle reaches of the Ganges in the XI century. There was a gradual change in the power of the Pratiharas by the rule of the Ghahadawals, whose capital was Varanasi. Palah continued to rule in Bihar, but did not play a big role. In the second half of the 12th century. They were finally superseded by the Principality of the Sons, which arose in East Bengal.

India In Xi W.
The greatest historical role among these small states was played by the Chauhanam from Sakambhari. They became by the middle of XII century. Dominate in the western part of Northern India - defeated the Tomars and occupied Delhi, made Chaulukyev and Paramarov dependent on themselves, captured the Punjab. All this made Prithviraj III Chauhan (ca. 1179-1192) the strongest opponent of Mohammed Guri, the conqueror who came from Afghanistan.
The Paramar dynasty was glorified by one of its representatives-Bhoja I (ca. 1010-1055). He patronized writers and poets, he himself was the author of works on philosophy, poetics, astronomy, architecture, medicine, grammar, he built a lot. His reign was imprinted in classical Sanskrit literature as the golden age of science and the arts. Bhoja died during the storming of his capital Dhara by the forces of the united Chaulukyev, Chalukyev and Kalachuriev.
This state of political fragmentation and mutual enmity was one of the important factors that prevented the invaders from appearing on the western borders of the subcontinent.
As already noted, in the first centuries of our era, the process of feudal relations began. It took place in two stages. First, over a number of centuries, until about the 8th-10th centuries, the process of property and social H "lowering" the bulk of the rural masters and enslaving a certain part of them proceeded. And then, in connection with the "internal conquest" of the Rajputs, a new layer of socially privileged landowners was imposed on the enslaved community, which over time formed the upper layer of the rural population.
If earlier trade, usury, cattle breeding and agriculture had the same prestige as occupations and were collectively considered dharma vaisya, then at the beginning of our era a rethinking of this position of ancient jurisprudence literature occurred. Trade and usury began to be considered ritually cleaner classes than farming and cattle breeding, only merchants and usurers retained the status of vaisyas, the rest began to be regarded as located on the step below, that is, they became sudras. The decline in the prestige of farming reflected a decline in the status of organizers of agricultural holdings. India In the Xi Century.