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In which computer device is the information processed? Computer Processor

In which computer device is the processing of the information it receives? How is this process carried out? What kind of device is used? What are the prospects for its development?

What is a computer processor ?

This is a microprocessor (integrated circuit) or an electronic unit that executes machine instructions (simply, code of programs). It is the main part of the computer hardware . Sometimes the prefix "micro-" is added to its name. This is a special computer device designed to process information. Let's go into history a little. Initially, the term "processor device" described a special class of logical machines that were needed to perform complex computer programs. Gradually, the name of the whole device was transferred to its part. The implementation, architecture and execution of processors have changed many times since their inception. But the functional remained the same as before. When evaluating each device, it is necessary to take into account the following parameters: performance, clock frequency, power consumption, architecture, norms of the lithographic process. This is where the computer is processing information.

Prospects

The computer as a universal information processing device is constantly being improved. Increasingly they say that soon modern processors will reach their physical limits, so their material part will change radically. There are such variants:

  1. Molecular computers. These are computing systems that will use the capabilities of molecules (theoretically - organic). They use the idea of realizing the possibilities of atoms and their location in space.
  2. Optical computers. In them, electrons will be used to transmit signals using photons.
  3. Quantum computers. Theoretically, their work will be based on quantum effects. Now working versions of such processors are being actively developed. This technology of computer information processing is considered the most promising.

The myth of megahertz

A little about the principles of processing information by a computer. Among ordinary users, the widespread assertion that the more the clock speed has a processor, the more performance it can boast. In fact, this is not entirely true. Such an assertion can be applied only to those processors that have the same architectures and microarchitectures.

What in the Russian Federation?

Can she now boast of something? Now most of the research centers and enterprises of electronic industry are consolidated in the holding company "RosElectronics". It was founded in 1997. At the time of its creation, there were 33, and now 123 enterprises. They specialize in the development and industrial production of electronic equipment, equipment and materials. Semiconductor devices and communication facilities can also be created. In most of them, they manufacture specific products, but there are attempts to enter the mass market (albeit not very successful).

CPU power consumption

Often this is called their Achilles' heel. So, the very first processors with the x86 architecture consumed an extremely small amount of energy (compared to modern samples), the volume of which usually amounted to a fraction of a watt. With the increase in the number of transistors and the clock frequency, this parameter has increased significantly. Now you can meet representatives who need to provide 130 watts, and there is no doubt that the design bureaus are already developing "monsters", which need even more. Earlier, the energy consumption factor was insignificant. But since then the principles of information processing by computer have changed, the capacity of devices has increased. Now the processor has a significant impact on evolutionary processes:

  1. It is necessary to improve production technologies in order to reduce the processor's consumption of energy.
  2. You should look for new materials that will reduce leakage currents.
  3. It is necessary to work on lowering the voltage to power the processor core.
  4. Sockets appeared with a significant number of contacts, the number of which is more than 1000. They are needed to provide power to the processors.
  5. The layout of the devices changes. So, the crystal moved to the outside with the inside, to facilitate the process of heat removal.
  6. There are intelligent systems that dynamically change the supply voltage. They can affect the frequency of the cores and individual processor units to temporarily disable what is not being used.
  7. Temperature sensors are integrated in the crystal, as well as systems for preventing overheating. They reduce the frequency of the processor, and can also stop it if a certain face is crossed.
  8. There were energy-saving modes, which "euthanize" processors in the presence of low load.

The device of the computer's processor is complex, and power consumption throws one more challenge along with side effects. That's about them and there will be a conversation now.

Processor temperature

Another important characteristic. It denotes the maximum permissible temperature value that can be on the surface of the processor or a semiconductor crystal when normal operation is possible. It is in direct proportion to the quality of the heat sink and congestion. When the temperature exceeds the recommended maximum, there is no guarantee of normal operation. Most processors function normally if it is less than 85 ° C. If the temperature is higher, then the basis for errors in the operation of programs is created or the computer may hang. In some cases, irreversible changes can occur in the processor itself. Modern models usually monitor overheating and limit their characteristics. This is where the computer is processing information.

Heat dissipation of processors and heat removal

How to reduce the negative effects of increasing degrees? For heat sink, active coolers and passive radiators are used. Each of the ways has advantages and disadvantages.

Measuring and displaying the temperature of the processor

But how do devices know that they need to change this characteristic? In the center of the cover, a special temperature sensor is installed, which can be a thermal diode, a thermistor or a transistor with a closed collector and a base.

Conclusion

So which device is used to process information in the computer? That's right, the computer's processor. Now you know the answer not only to this question, but also the features of this device and the existing problems and prospects. So, there is information about how such an important component of a complex technical system works and in what computer device information is processed.

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