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Fundamentals of Genetics

In the modern scientific form, the foundations of genetics were laid by the eminent Czech scientist G. Mendel. It was he who in 1865 produced a series of experiments on crossing pea seeds and based on the results obtained, he formulated the assumption that the process of inheritance of characters occurs due to the presence and motion of certain discrete particles. In addition, Mendel pointed out some of the primary properties of the genetic process, namely, that it does not have an intermediate character.

Later, at the beginning of the twentieth century, Mendel's assumptions were confirmed experimentally, which was developed and implemented by H. de Friso and C. Correns. The term "genetics" in the meaning of the name of the new science appeared for the first time in the works of the English naturalist U. Betsohn, and in 1909, studying the fundamentals of Mendel's genetics, Dane B. Johansen introduced the scientific category "gene" to designate the very discrete particle, About which Mendel spoke.

The key concept in the field of genetics is heredity. Its understanding is based on the recognition of the property of all living organisms to transmit their characteristics by inheritance. This process ensures their ability to maintain their characteristics for a long time. At the same time, the ability to change phenotypic and genotypic characteristics is also recognized as the necessary properties of heredity. This property subsequently received the name of variability and became, in fact, what we now understand as the basis of genetics and breeding.

All without exception, modern achievements in the field of genetics are due to their justification for the emergence and development of new technologies for scientific research. Only on their basis it became possible to establish and experimentally prove such fundamental provisions of theoretical and applied genetics as the structure and composition of nucleic acids, they allowed us to uncover the code of the genetic code, to experimentally show and explain the stages of biosynthesis at the level of the theory. In short, the foundations of genetics, laid down in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, became the basis on which the numerous directions of genetic science today are developing: molecular and evolutionary genetics, genogeography and immunogenetics, medical genetics and others.

The process of constant expansion of the research field in the field of genetics has also led to a significant increase in its subject of study as a science, in the modern sense, the subject of genetics as a science consists in the study of the most general and essential patterns of heredity and variability. The empirical basis for conducting such studies is phenotypic data.

In the course of the development of genetic science, the category apparatus of this science was formed and today almost every educated person is completely free to operate with such concepts as, gene, phenotype, genotype and others. Moreover, some categories of genetics "migrated" to other sciences, including social ones. Here they are used to denote specific features and states of the society and its structures, characterized by the ability to maintain their stability, stability and provide continuity in the transfer of socio-cultural characteristics.

Modern principles of genetics are based on the recognition of a number of provisions:

- heredity is an objectively necessary and discrete parameter that ensures the viability of living organisms;

- it is hereditary variability that is the primary cause of the emergence and development of the entire diversity of life forms and their evolutionary development;

- hereditary signs are programmed in DNA and RNA molecules , which act as the main carriers of hereditary information;

- manifestations of the individuality of each species are provided by biochemical reactions in which genes participate and transmit relevant information about a particular feature;

- the hereditary information itself is in the cell nucleus.

Based on these provisions, the exercises were formulated, which today form the basis of fundamental genetics. Among them, the most important place is occupied by such as the theory of mono-hybrid crossbreeding, named after its creator - Gregor Mendel, the laws of combining features, the chromosome theory and others.

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