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Development of cosmonautics. History of the development of cosmonautics in Russia

The history of cosmonautics development is a story about people with an uncommon mind, about the desire to understand the laws of the universe and about the desire to surpass the habitual and possible. The exploration of outer space, which began in the last century, gave the world many discoveries. They concern both objects of distant galaxies, and completely terrestrial processes. The development of cosmonautics contributed to the improvement of technology, led to discoveries in various fields of knowledge, from physics to medicine. However, this process took a long time.

Lost work

The development of cosmonautics in Russia and abroad began long before the appearance of the first spacecraft. The first scientific developments in this regard were only theoretical and justified the very possibility of flying into space. In our country, one of the pioneers of cosmonautics on the tip of the pen was Konstantin Eduardovich Tsiolkovsky. "One of" - because he was ahead of Nikolai Ivanovich Kibalchich, sentenced to death for an attempt on Alexander II and a few days before hanging, developed a design of a device capable of delivering a person into space. It was in 1881, but the project of Kibalchich was not published until 1918.

The village teacher

Tsiolkovsky, whose article with the theoretical foundations of space flight came out in 1903, did not know about the work of Kibalchich. At that time he taught arithmetic and geometry at the Kaluga School. His well-known scientific article "Exploration of the World Spaces with Reactive Devices" touched upon the possibility of using rockets in space. The development of cosmonautics in Russia, then still tsarist, began precisely with Tsiolkovsky. He developed a missile structure project that could take a person to the stars, defended the idea of the diversity of life in the universe, spoke about the need to design artificial satellites and orbital stations.

Simultaneously, the theoretical cosmonautics developed abroad. However, there were practically no connections between scientists at the beginning of the century, or later, in the 1930s. Robert Goddard, Hermann Oberth and Esno-Peltry, American, German and French, respectively, working on similar problems, for a long time did not know anything about Tsiolkovsky's works. Even then, the disunity of peoples affected the pace of development of the new industry.

Prewar years and the Great Patriotic War

The development of cosmonautics continued in the 1920s and 1940s with the efforts of the Gas Dynamic Laboratory and the Jet Propulsion Groups, and then the Reactive Research Institute. The best engineering minds of the country worked in the walls of scientific institutions, including FA Zander, MK Tikhonravov and SP Korolev. In the laboratories were working on the creation of the first jet devices for liquid and solid fuels, a theoretical base for cosmonautics was being developed.

In the pre-war years and during the Second World War, jet engines and rocketplanes were designed and built. During this period, for obvious reasons, much attention was paid to the development of cruise missiles and unguided missiles.

Korolev and "Vau-2"

The first in the history of a modern-type military missile was created in Germany during the war under the leadership of Werner von Braun. Then V-2, or "V-2", has done a lot of trouble. After the defeat of Germany von Braun was sent to America, where he began to work on new projects, including the development of rockets for space missions.

In 1945, after the war ended, a group of Soviet engineers arrived in Germany to study the V-2. Among them was Korolyov. He was appointed chief engineering and technical director of the Nordhausen Institute, which was formed in Germany in the same year. In addition to studying German missiles, Korolyov and his colleagues worked on the development of new projects. In the 50's, the design bureau under his leadership created the R-7. This two-stage rocket was able to develop the first space velocity and to provide the conclusion to the near-earth orbit of multi-tonnage vehicles.

Stages of development of cosmonautics

The advantage of Americans in the preparation of vehicles for space exploration, related to the work of von Braun, is in the past, when on October 4, 1957, the USSR launched the first satellite. Since that moment, the development of cosmonautics has gone faster. In the 1950s and 1960s, several animal experiments were carried out. In space, visited the dogs and monkeys. As a result, scientists collected invaluable information, which made possible a comfortable stay in space for a person. In early 1959, it was possible to achieve a second cosmic speed.

The advanced development of domestic cosmonautics was accepted all over the world, when Yuri Gagarin was poisoned in the sky. This was, without exaggeration, a great event on April 12, 1961. From this day began penetration of man into the vast expanses surrounding the Earth.

The development of cosmonautics was further coupled with the improvement of technical capabilities and the creation of more comfortable conditions for astronauts. Note the main stages of this process:

  • October 12, 1964 - an apparatus with several people on board (USSR) was brought into orbit;
  • March 18, 1965 - the first man's exit into open space (USSR);
  • February 3, 1966 - the first landing of the apparatus on the Moon (USSR);
  • December 24, 1968 - the first landing of a manned spacecraft into the orbit of a satellite of the Earth (USA);
  • July 20, 1969 - the day of the first landing of people on the Moon (USA);
  • April 19, 1971 - first launched the orbital station (USSR);
  • July 17, 1975 - for the first time, two ships (Soviet and American) docked;
  • April 12, 1981 - the first "Space Shuttle" (USA) went to space.

Development of modern cosmonautics

Today, space exploration continues. The successes of the past have borne fruit - the man has already visited the Moon and is preparing for a direct acquaintance with Mars. However, the programs of manned flights are now developing less than the projects of automatic interplanetary stations. The current state of cosmonautics is such that the devices created can transmit information to the Earth about distant Saturn, Jupiter and Pluto, visit Mercury and even explore meteorites.
At the same time, space tourism is developing. International contacts are of great importance today. The world community is gradually coming to the conclusion that great breakthroughs and discoveries occur faster and more often if the efforts and opportunities of different countries are combined.

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