Deportation of peoples in the USSR: causes, conditions, results and consequences. Deportation of the Peoples of the USSR to Kazakhstan

History does not always bring great discoveries and happy moments to mankind. Often in the world there are irretrievable events that forever destroy the lives of hundreds of thousands of people. This was the deportation of peoples to the USSR. Causes, conditions, results and consequences now remain an open question, which worries historians and causes controversy and clarification. Nevertheless, this tragedy can not be regarded as a positive event in the history of mankind. Why? We will deal with this issue further.

The concept of

The deportation of peoples to the USSR is an event that shook the country in the thirties of the last century. Political repressions of this magnitude have not been carried out before, that's why it became a shock for people. The main feature of deportation is that the process itself was outside the jurisdiction of the court. The masses moved, disregarding mutual determination, to different habitats, which for everyone were unaccustomed, far from their home, and sometimes dangerous.

Historical reference

Historically, it turned out that the deportation of peoples in the USSR broke the life of ten nationalities. Among them were Germans and Koreans, there were Chechens, Kalmyks and other inhabitants, who lost their national autonomy.

People lost everything that they had: home, family, relatives, work and money. They were forcibly taken and settled in terrible conditions, in which only the most persistent survived. To this day, it is not known exactly which peoples of the USSR were deported, since their numbers were enormous. Ethnic groups, social strata and ethnoconfessional population got into this "repressive meat grinder". Soviet citizens survived the terrible events of the 30s, and later the Second World War.

This cruelty disturbed the peace of the Poles, Ukrainians, Russians, Moldovans, Bulgarians, Armenians, Turks and other ethnic groups. It was only in 1991 that it was possible to call this event a violation of human rights. Then the law recognized that the deportation of peoples in the USSR took place, and the repressed people were subjected to genocide, slander, forced resettlement, terror and other violations.

Reasons for injustice

Why did the deportation of peoples in the USSR begin? The reasons usually explain in the light of the beginning of the Great Patriotic War. So to say, it was precisely the terrible events of the 1940s that became the basis for the eviction of disagreeable peoples. But those who dig into these events thoroughly will understand that this is not the main reason. After all, the deportation of peoples in the USSR began long before the military tragedy.

Why did the Soviet government mercilessly send its population to death? Until now, disputes have been going on about this. It is officially considered that betrayal became the reason for the deportation of peoples to the USSR. The reason was the help of representatives of these nations to Hitler, as well as their active actions against the Red Army.

A vivid example of injustice in the repression of nationalities can be considered the history of the Chechens and Ingush. Their forced eviction was hidden, but the real reasons were not disclosed. People were forced to believe that tactical exercises would take place on the territory of their native land. According to many historians, the problem of such cruel treatment of these nationalities was their struggle for national independence and opposition to the terror of the Soviet power.

A similar situation occurred with the Koreans. They began to be evicted because of espionage in favor of Japan, which allegedly dealt with representatives of this nation. But if we consider those events in more detail, a political motive for repression emerges. So, thanks to the eviction of the Koreans, the USSR demonstrated its readiness for cooperation with China, the opposition of Japan and, in general, the political position in the Far East.

In general, it is worth noting that the deportation of peoples in the USSR briefly showed the authorities' attitude to the political situation throughout the world. If earlier they tried to eliminate only the people, eager for independence, during the war they, thanks to the eviction of nations, pleasing the allies.

The First Wave

The first example of violent events was found back in 1918. Then for seven years the Soviet government tried to evict the White Guard Cossacks and those who had large land plots. Cossacks of the Terek region became the first experimental subjects. In addition to having to travel to other regions, the Donbas and the North Caucasus, their native region was transferred to other future victims, Ingush and Chechens.

Of course, the deportation of peoples to the USSR could not have ended with anything good. Historiography shows that in 1921, even Russian residents were evicted from their Semirechenskaya region, when they were forcibly escorted from Turkestan.

The following events occurred already in the 30's. Mass arrests of Estonians, Latvians, Poles, Germans, Finns and Lithuanians began in Leningrad. He was followed by the eviction of Finnish Ingermanlanders. A couple of years later, the families of Poles and Germans who were repressed in Ukraine were repressed.

War

The deportation of the peoples of the USSR during the war years was more active and brutal. At that time, a large number of nations were evicted, among them Kurds, Crimean Gypsies, Pontic Greeks, Nogais, etc. All of them were repressed because of collaborationism. Due to the alleged cooperation of these nationalities with the aggressor country and its allies, people were deprived of their autonomies, homes and families. The deportation of peoples to the USSR, the table of which is historically replenished by new nations, has ruined the lives of more than 60 nationalities. In the table, those people who suffered the most.

Number of deported people (thousand people)

Time	Germans	Crimean Tatars	Chechens	The Ingush	Karachayivtsy	Kalmyks	Balkarians
Autumn 1941	1193
Autumn 1943					137
Winter 1944			731	174		192
Spring 1944		190					108
Spring-autumn 1945		151	328	77	121	79	33
1946-1948	999	295	608	154	115	150	63
Summer of 1949	1078	295	576	159	115	153	64
1950	2175	300	582	160	118	154	63
1953-1989	9870	1227	3381	852	606	722	325

As history shows, there could be many reasons for such behavior of the Soviet Union. These are the conflicts between the country and nations, it is Stalin's personal whim, geopolitical considerations, various kinds of prejudice, etc. Let's try to consider how the deportation of individual peoples of the USSR was taking place and how repression affected the destinies of people.

Chechens and Ingush

So, as the historical documents show, these people were evicted because of the conduct of tactical exercises. This was due to the fact that it was assumed the presence of bandit groups in the mountains. On the one hand, this state of affairs was justified. In the mountains, then it was possible to observe gangster elements, trying to overthrow the Soviet power. On the other hand, there were so few of these forces that they could not do anything.

Nevertheless, since 1944 people have been transported to Central Asia and Kazakhstan. As usual, many people died during the resettlement. Those who survived were left in the steppe. Students who were supposed to support cattle and other households were sent to the lands abandoned by the Chechens and Ingush.

It should be noted that the researchers have repeatedly assured that the allegations of Chechen support for the Germans are not justified. This is due to the fact that no German soldier was seen in this republic, and cooperation and joining the ranks of Nazi troops could not occur, as there was no mobilization in this area.

As mentioned earlier, the Chechens with the Ingush came under the "hot hand" only because they always fought for their independence and tried to counteract the Soviet power.

Germans

Probably, it is obvious that the Germans became the first who were subjected to repressions during the Great Patriotic War. Already in 1941, issued a decree, according to which, it was necessary to "destroy" the Autonomous Republic of the Volga region, which was inhabited by this nation. In just two days, a lot of people were sent to Siberia, Kazakhstan, the Altai and the Urals. Their number reached 360 thousand people.

The reason for such repression was the emergence of information about future espionage and sabotage, which were to begin immediately after the filing of Hitler's signal. However, as history and found documents show, there were no grounds for believing that these events would occur. These rumors became only an excuse to evict the German people.

Those Germans who were mobilized in the army, withdrew from there. Men at the age of 17 years already the following year were called into working columns. There they worked hard at the plant, logging and mines. The same fate befell those nations whose historical homelands were allies of Hitler. After the war, the exiles tried to return home, but in 1947 they were again deported.

Karachayivtsy

The Karachais suffered from repression already in 1943. At the time of the beginning of the Second World War, their number was a little more than 70 thousand people. For a whole year their territory was dominated by the German occupation. But after their release, people could not find peace.

In 1943, they were accused of collaborating with German troops, which the Karachai assisted, showed the way and sheltered from the Red Army. To drive this nation to Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan, it was necessary to use the military, with a total of 53 thousand. As a result, more than 69 thousand Karachais were taken out of their native land. During the transportation, 600 people were killed. Half of the repressed were children under 16 years old.

Those who at that time served in the ranks of the Red Army, in 1944 after the demobilization were deported.

Kalmyks

Kalmykov overtook the same misfortune as Karachais. At the end of 1943, a decree was issued that suggested the eviction of this nation. The reason for their expulsion was the opposition to the government of the USSR, the refusal to help the Red Army in the national conflict. The main event in these repressions was the operation "Ulusy", which was conducted by the Soviet military.

At the first stage more than 93,000 Kalmyks were liquidated. Among them were 700 bandits and those who actively collaborated with the Germans. A month later, another 1,000 people were evicted. More than 50% of the Kalmyks settled in the Tyumen region. Because the deportation took place in December / January, many residents died during transportation.

They presented this nation, which already served for the good of the Red Army, were summoned from the fronts and educational institutions. And first they were distributed to different military districts, and after they were dismissed from service. And still there is historical information that the Kalmyks still remained in the army and served the USSR.

Crimean Tatars

Over time, the counter-offensive of the Red Army began, followed by the liberation of regions and cities. At the same time, Stalin did not calm down and continued to evict the nation for the nation from their native lands. Thus, after the expulsion of the Germans from the Crimean lands, the repression of the Tatars began.

According to the documents found, it turned out that the reason for the resettlement lies in desertion. According to Beria, more than 20,000 people of this nationality have become traitors to the Red Army. Part of the Crimean Tatars decided to move to Germany. The other part remained in the Crimea. Here they were arrested, and during the search they found a huge number of weapons.

At that time the USSR was afraid of Turkey's influence on this situation. It was there that many Tatars lived before the war, and some of them remained there until then. Therefore, family ties could disrupt the peace of civilians, and the presence of weapons would lead to uprisings and other unrest. These doubts of Soviet power were connected with the fact that Germany tried in every possible way to persuade Turkey to join the union.

Deportation lasted about two days. For repression, the Soviet government sent 32,000 troops. The Crimean Tatars had to collect their things in a few minutes and go to the station. If a person did not want to leave the house or could not walk, he was shot. As usual, many of the repressed perished in transit because of a lack of food, medical care and difficult conditions.

The deportation of the peoples of the USSR during the Second World War took place every month. Under the repression, there were also Azerbaijanis who lived on the territory of Georgia. They were sent to Borchalinsky district and Karayaz. The result of this tragedy was that only 31 families remained in the district. Armenians were evicted from their native lands in 1944. In the same year, repressed Meskhetian Turks, Greeks, Turks and Kurds.

The results of the tragedy

As a result, the deportation of peoples to the USSR led to terrible results that remained forever in the heart of every resident of a repressed nation. As the historical data indicate, the number of Germans who were subjected to forced resettlement reached almost 950,000 people. The total number of deported Chechens, Balkars, Ingushes and Karachais was 608 thousand. Crimean Tatars, Bulgarians, Greeks and Armenians were deported in the amount of 228 thousand.

To settle down in the new territory, the settlers had to endure many difficulties. Mortality among these nationalities increased several times, during the years of deportation an average of a quarter of the nation perished.

It is also worth noting the attitude of the inhabitants to the deportees. Some perceived this event with understanding, while others, on the contrary, believed that they were repressed by outcasts and despised them. This state of things also led to aggression on the part of the victims of these events. So, many people were anti-Soviet and tried to organize unrest in the society.

Severe consequences

Naturally, a terrible tragedy was the deportation of peoples to the USSR. The reasons, conditions, results and consequences were negative. Many forces were thrown on repression, instead of fighting the fascists. A huge amount of equipment and the military was engaged in deportation, although they were not enough at the front. Statistics show that more than 220,000 soldiers worked on resettlement. Almost 100,000 employees of various law enforcement agencies cooperated with them.

In addition, repression was frightened and the rest of the people, who were sure that they would soon come after them. So, under the "hot hand" could get Estonians, Ukrainians and Karelians. The Kyrgyz also feared losing their native land, as there were rumors that all indigenous people would be replaced by settlers.

The deportation of the peoples of the USSR and its consequences led to the erasure of all nationality frames. Due to the fact that the immigrants were in an unusual environment, the indigenous people mingled with the repressed. National-territorial entities were liquidated. Repression left a huge imprint on the way of life of the settlers, on their culture and traditions.

The deportation of the peoples of the USSR and its consequences led to the fact that now many nations are at war with each other, they are not able to divide the land. It is important to understand that many of the reasons for this process were not justified. It can not be said that the Soviet government made fair decisions that would help during the Second World War. Some nations have paid for their opposition to power, the Germans have become victims of revenge because of Hitler and his aggression.

Updating of Kazakhstan

Astana, too, at one time became a place that "sheltered" the settlers. The deportation of the peoples of the USSR to Kazakhstan began long before the war. A huge number of deportees arrived on the territory of the republic, as early as 1931 there were about 190 thousand of them. Six years later the settlers arrived here again, they were already almost twice as many, 360,000. So Kazakhstan became a place of residence for the victims of repression.

Many of those who came here to live permanently settled themselves in industrial enterprises and state farms. They had to live in barracks, yurts and self-made buildings under the open sky.

Ukrainians came here in the XIX century. In the pre-war period, there were even more of them. After the war, the number of Ukrainians was more than 100 thousand inhabitants. Among the deported were the families of the kulaks and the OUN people. By the early 1950s, those who had been released from Karlagh began to arrive in Kazakhstan.

Korean deportees also moved here, who were brought back from the Far East in 1937. The Poles arrived in Kazakhstan, who were sent here because of the threat of a world war, just towards the end of the 30's. With the beginning of World War II, even more representatives of this nation arrived in Astana.

After the war, a large number of migrants continued to migrate to the area. The deportation of the peoples of the USSR to Kazakhstan led to the fact that all the nationalities living on the territory of the Soviet Union were on the territory of this republic. Already in 1946, another 100,000 victims of repression were added, which totaled about 500,000 deportees.

Many of the displaced people tried to leave the place of their new life, which was considered an escape and a violation of criminal law. Once every three days they had to report to the NKVD about any important events that concerned the numbers.

The main goal of the resettlement was considered to be eternal residence in a foreign territory. To implement such a plan, the Soviet authorities tried to conduct severe sanctions against violators. If someone tried to escape from the territory of the settlement, he was assigned to twenty years of hard labor.

Assistants of these people also waited for retribution - imprisonment for up to 5 years. The main task of the Soviet government was to limit the repressed in desire and attempts to get to their homeland.

According to recent research, for the entire period of deportation to Kazakhstan came from one million immigrants. Already in the mid-50's there were 2 million outsiders.

For what?

A few years later, the deportation of peoples to the USSR. The photo of those events and to this day reflect the rigidity of power. The destinies of people were maimed, and time did not go to the benefit. Each of them dreamed of returning home to restore the old order of life. People tried to find their home, their family and their happiness.

The Soviet Union tried to eliminate not just whole nations, but also their lands, languages, cultures and traditions. If a person takes all this, then he becomes an obedient slave of totalitarian politics. Deported people received severe mental and physical trauma. They were starving and ill, they tried to find their home and rest.

After Stalin's death, the situation began to change, the policy of rehabilitation was carried out on relations with the settlers, but it was already impossible to establish the fate of the people. Their fate and lives were irretrievably mutilated and destroyed.