Correction is psychological. Methods of psychological correction. Center for psychological correction

To begin with it is necessary to define the concept of psychology. Literally - this is the science of the soul. Psychology as an independent discipline was established only in the last century, after obtaining an experimental base and a natural-scientific physiological basis.

What role does psychology play in modern life?

With this science one can find not only as a scientific discipline, but also to meet it in fashion editions, radio and television programs in the form of psychological tests, recommendations of well-known psychologists to married couples, businessmen, etc.

Within the framework of modern society, the psychology of life has several meanings. It:

1. Practical role - help in solving real problems regarding production activities, life difficulties, correct choice of profession, adaptation in the team, family relationships; Training a correct approach to leaders, co-workers, subordinates, relatives.
2. Developing role - the application of acquired psychological knowledge to oneself through self-observation, professional psychological tools (for example, tests).
3. The all-cultural role is the mastery of the cultures of different peoples through the acquisition of psychological knowledge (the works of outstanding domestic and foreign scientists).
4. Theoretical role - the study of fundamental problems.

Social psychology in modern society

Over the past few years, the society has moved from a state of euphoria, anticipation associated with favorable hopes for scientific and technological progress (NTP), to the state of so-called frustration (a real vision of the negative consequences of the influence of scientific and technical progress).

The first consequence is the divergence of humanitarian and technical knowledge. This is particularly noticeable in the activities of technical specialists. They were prepared only for the systematic development of technology and production. The intellect of such a specialist, as well as his skills, abilities, world perception and psychology, were concentrated only on the solution of technical problems. Technicism manifests itself in the process of absolutization of any modern professional activity, corresponding knowledge and required approaches. The consequence of this is the replacement of individual needs by human beings. A particular manifestation of the above process is the tragic development of the ecological and military situation in the modern world.

Among the various sciences centered on man, special importance is given to the sociological and humanitarian, in particular, social psychology. It will contribute to the process of neutralization in the above-mentioned technical approaches with regard to issues of outlook. Social knowledge will help to see the depth and complexity of real human relationships.

Professional activity, for example, an engineer (transformative, research, cognitive, etc.) is not only direct contact with the analyzed object (technology, technology, design), but also live human communication (except setting goals, making decisions, there is coordination Group views and goals, the ability to resolve intra-collective conflicts). All this is a manifestation of special interpersonal communication, requiring the engineer special socio-psychological knowledge and culture, which he must master in the course of training.

The psychology of life (like the science of the soul) should help modern society, along with the development of technology and technology, evolve in the social, psychological and humanitarian aspects.

Fundamentals of Human Psychology

The individual is a certain person with inherent exceptional characteristics (representative of the human race).

Everyone knows the expression: "Man is born, and become a person". Thus, a newborn child is already an individual, but not yet a person. If favorable conditions are created around him, he will grow by it. But there is another outcome: children raised outside the society (who do not know the language and generally accepted social norms) often do not fall under the category of personality. Individuals who lead a vegetative life are also not identified as individuals; Not capable of interaction (due to genetic defects or various kinds of injuries). To the impersonality are serial killers, maniacs and other psycho-and sociopaths.

Personality is a lifetime education (systemic) that reflects the social essence of a person's real type as an active world transformer and a meaningful subject of cognition.

Individuality is a personality in all its distinctiveness (a combination of personal and individual properties that distinguishes one person from another). It can manifest itself in the specificity of either feelings, or mind, or will, or all at once.

What is occupational psychology?

This is a new branch of applied psychology that studies the patterns of personality formation within the framework of vocational guidance, the phenomenology of professionalization, the specifics of professional self-determination, and the psychological costs of this process.

Practically in the life of any person professional activity is given an important place. With the birth of their child, parents are beginning to think about his future, carefully watching the inclinations and interests.

Graduates of schools, as a rule, face the problem of choosing a future profession. Unfortunately, quite often educational institutions are chosen randomly. After admission for most young people, the above problem is not resolved definitively. Many are disappointed in their choice already at the first year of training, some at the beginning of work, and still others after several years of work on the profile. Professional psychology is an industry that studies the patterns in the formation of intentions, the choice of a profession, and the mastery of it.

Its object is the interaction of the profession with the person. The research center is professional development of the individual, professional self-determination.

Specific methods of analysis of occupational psychology are based on the formation of:

• Professional psychobiography;
• Critical incidents;
• Vocational oriented graphology;
• Expert evaluation of professionalism;
• Retrospection of professional crises;
• Reflexion of professional deformation, etc.

Interpretation of the concept of "psychological correction"

This directed manipulation of certain psychological structures, carried out in order to ensure the full development of the individual, as well as its full functioning.

This term became widespread in the 70's (at a time when psychologists began to work hard at psychotherapy, as a rule, group therapy). At that time, they constantly discussed on the topic of the possibility of psychologists to carry out therapeutic (psychotherapeutic) activities, to which they were actually prepared at the expense of the initial psychological education as well as possible. This was constantly proved in practice. However, psychotherapy is primarily a medical practice. Only persons with higher medical education can deal with it. In connection with this, an unofficial distinction was introduced: the doctor conducts psychotherapy, and the psychologist - psychological correction. All the same issues in which psychotherapy and correction (psychological) are correlated, are open now.

It is customary to single out two points of view regarding this point:

1. Complete identity of the above concepts. But here it is not taken into account that correction (psychological) as directed manipulation is realized not only in medical practice (in three main spheres of application: psychotherapy, rehabilitation and psycho prophylaxis), but also in other areas, for example, in pedagogy. Even in everyday communication, its echoes are traced.

2. Correction (psychological) is designed to solve the problems of psycho-prophylaxis (at all stages) and in particular during secondary and subsequent prevention. So this stiff restriction of the scope of the procedure under consideration seems to be artificial, as it were, so to speak: it is impossible to clearly distinguish between neuroses and psychological correction, treatment, prevention, psychotherapy is not possible, because neurosis is a disease occurring in dynamics (it is not always possible to track the stage of pre-illness From the disease itself, and the treatment process mostly consists of secondary prevention).

Also today, as part of the system of rehabilitation treatment of diseases, an integrated approach is increasingly used, which takes into account the presence in the etiopathogenesis of social, biological and psychological factors, each of which requires therapeutic or corrective manipulations appropriate to its nature. In a situation where the psychological factor in a particular disease is regarded as etiologic, then its professional correction mostly coincides with one of the components of such a therapeutic process as psychotherapy.

It is often impossible to establish a general scheme concerning the relation of the above concepts outside of nosology. The role of the psychological factor within the etiopathogenesis of a particular disease causes the orientation of the methods of solving psychotherapeutic problems, which allows us to identify the methods of psychological correction with psychotherapy.

Comparison of psychological correction with psychological interference

The result is an obvious similarity. Correction (psychological), as well as psychological interference, is regarded as a purposeful psychological influence, realized in various areas of human practice and implemented with the help of psychological means.

Both perform the same function. In the foreign literature the concept "psychological intervention" is more widespread, and in the domestic literature "psychological correction" is more widespread.

Methods of psychological correction

They are diverse, conventionally they can be classified, based on their specifics of the main approaches:

1. Behavioral (deviations are interpreted as principles of behaviorism: both psychotherapy and psychological correction are associated with the need to create optimal behavior skills for the patient, various types of mental disorders are determined by nonadaptive behavior).

Here, methods are applied, which can be conditionally assigned to three groups:

• (A break in the negative strengthened connection between reactions and the stimulus and (or) its replacement by a new one (in practice, psychology techniques are used such as the combination of a pleasant effect with an unpleasant situation for the patient or vice versa);
• Operant methods (application of the system of rewards for desirable, according to the therapist, actions);
• Methods based on the views of sociobiliaryists (presentation by the doctor of the model of the most acceptable behavior).

2. Activity (correction through the organization of a special learning process, the result of which is the management and control of external and internal activities).

3. Cognitivistic (the basis - theories that characterize the personality as the organization of certain cognitive structures, the use of "personal designers", allowing to put forward relevant hypotheses about the world).

4. Psychoanalytic (helping the patient to identify unconscious causes of serious experiences, painful manifestations through their elaboration).

5. Existential-humanistic (based on the philosophy of existentialism).

6. Gestalt therapy (restoration of the continuity of human consciousness).

7. Psychodrama (simulation in a theatrical form by participants of a group of situations proposed by one of the patients and based on real events from his life or stories from his dreams).

8. Body-oriented (based on the "vegetotherapy" system of V. Reich: "the dissolution of muscle shells," which subsequently helps a person to release energy, and thus to alleviate his mental suffering).

9. Psychosynthesis (an important role is assigned to the subpersonalities-isolated individuals within each person, with whom during the therapy the patient becomes acquainted and learns to separate them from his real "I").

10. Transpersonal (help the patient to meet his own unconscious and live the relevant experience through the use of the method of "holotropic breath").

Methods of psychodiagnostics

They have the following form:

1. Blank (offering the subject a series of questions and judgments).
2. Interrogative methods of psychological diagnosis (asking the subject oral questions).
3. Drawing (use of the drawings created by the subject or interpretation of ready-made images).
4. Project (application of the above methods).
5. Objectively manipulative methods of psychological diagnosis (representation in the form of various kinds of real objects to be solved by the subjects).

Goals of child psycho-correction

Within the framework of Russian psychology, they are established through awareness of the laws of the child's psychological evolution as an actively developing activity process that is realized in cooperation with an adult.

The goals of psychological correction are formed on the basis of:

• Optimization of the social situation of the observed development;
• Formation of age-psychological new formations;
• Development of different types of activity of the observed child.

There are rules that should be followed when specifying the goals of the correction in question, namely:

1. They should be formulated in a positive way.
2. The goals of psychological correction should be quite realistic.
3. They necessarily include forecasts of the current and future development of the child's personality for the systematic completion of the correctional program.
4. It must be remembered that the psychological correction of children gives significant results only after a long period of time (during the therapy, to its completion, six months after it).

In the professional activity of the correctional-developing orientation, the pedagogue-psychologist of the special institution applies subgroup, group and individual forms of work. Psychological correction and development of the child in one form or another is determined depending on its characteristics (the intensity of affective problems, age, the rate of perception of the material, etc.).

The program of psycho-correction of behavior of teenagers with a delay of mental development

Education of socially-adequate behavior is the most important goal of correctional pedagogy. The program of psychological correction of the behavior of children with CRD has rather complicated problems in view of the fact that there is a moment of weakened, scarce development, first of all the psychophysiological basis of the mechanisms of behavior (affective-volitional sphere of the individual).

The reason for disharmony of mental homeostasis is acute cerebral insufficiency, inhibition of the development of the nervous system. In this regard, the correction of behavior - the most important direction in the process of working with adolescents with PEP. It should be focused on reducing aggression in children and on the formation of their socially-adequate approved behavior.

She is engaged in specialized institutions, for example, the center of psychological correction "Speech Center of the Institute of the Family." The most important principle of his work is taking into account the degree of severity and form of the child's mental development .