Assignment and types of piles

Piles are designed for the manufacture of foundations of buildings and buildings in order to transfer loads to the ground, as well as to increase its load-bearing capacity. The foundation is distinguished by its durability, simplicity of arrangement and cheapness. Types of piles depend on the material used, the technology of production, the shape and method of immersion.

The difference in the assortment lies in the materials used and the techniques of immersion. In this case, the installation of piles depends on the properties of the material and design features. The following types of materials are distinguished:

• Piles of reinforced concrete or concrete;
• Wooden;
• Metal.

Classification is also carried out by the methods of their immersion in the soil, directly related to mechanical properties and design features.

Piles: types of immersion

Piles of any material are divided into hanging and struts. The former are used for weak soils of great depth. They transmit the load not only by the lower end, but also by friction between the ground and the side surface. Racks are supported by the lower end on a dense base, which perceives the entire load.

The constructions of the piles are interrelated with the immersion method and are of the following types.

1. Paddles - with the help of hammer blows, with the use of vibrators or punching devices. The method is used if there are no other facilities nearby that can cause draft from ground shakes.
2. Hollow piles-shells. They are immersed in the ground by vibration with removal from the interior of the ground and replacing it with a concrete solution.
3. Drilling - drilled wells and filled with a mixture of concrete with reinforcement or reinforced concrete element.
4. Printed - the well is made by compressing the soil and pouring a concrete mixture.
5. Screw - screwed into the ground.

Piles made of wood

A wooden foundation is used for light houses, whose weight per square meter is below the norm. It is erected for buildings with the same lifetime. Usually these are temporary and farm buildings, small shops, car washes, cafes. For such structures, expensive approvals for capital facilities are not required.

Types of piles made of wood are classified according to the type of sawnwood used for their production. They are made of pine, spruce, cedar, larch, oak, etc. Logs are taken straight and cleaned of the bark. Piles are made from 4.5 to 16 m in length and from a diameter of 20 cm. If the penetration is considerable, the wooden piles grow to a maximum of 4 elements. From the bottom, the end is pinched onto a cone, the length of which is 1.5-2 the diameter of the trunk. If the soil is too dense or with solid inclusions, a metal shoe is worn from below. The upper end is protected with a metal ring (yoke) to protect against deformation when driving.

Before dipping piles are impregnated with formulations from rotting: special coatings, roasting. Then they are additionally coated with creosote oil or osmolk and wrapped with antiseptic bandages.

Under the pillars of the foundation, wells are drilled 1.5 times larger diameter. Bottom for the support used stones or concrete mixture. After installation, the columns are buried and densely packed. When properly processed, the wooden piles serve up to 20 years.

Reinforced concrete piles

Piles can be delivered to the construction site ready, in the form of beams, or poured into the formwork, mounted in a drilled well.

Types of construction of piles can be round or polygonal, with pointed lower ends. The length is 16 m, the size in the cross section is from 20 to 40 cm.

The most common products are square section, as less labor-intensive and more technological in manufacturing.

Pile foundation, types of piles

The foundation is created from a group of piles, bounded from above by beams or slabs (grills). Single pile withstands significantly less load compared to the weight of the above-ground structure. Therefore, the supports are formed into groups.

1. Monolithic piles

Before piling a pile into the ground, first a 1.5 m deep hole is drilled in it, into which a pole is inserted. Then the crane with a hammer or copro is brought in and driven into the required depth. The free space of the calibration hole is filled with concrete.

Hollow piles made of reinforced concrete consist of links connected by welding or bolts. In the lower part of the soil remains, and in the top is poured a concrete solution to provide communication with the foundation.

2. Bored piles

The types of piles for the foundation also include structures that are manufactured directly on the construction site.

Bourning support is made as follows.

1. In the ground, a well is made to the depth of the pile. For this, the ground is drilled or punched. In the first method, the wall of the soil can be strengthened with casing or a clay solution. When the bottom mark is reached, the space beneath the base is expanded with a special device mounted on the drill rod.
2. Inside the well, a pipe is inserted from the roofing material and a formwork of four reinforcement bars with horizontal bandages.
3. The interior space is filled with concrete solution with a vibrator seal.

Metal piles

As the piles, a rolling profile is used: an I-beam, a channel, or a pipe. Sometimes they make their preliminary training. For this, two channels are welded together, thus obtaining a square tube.

Piles may also be open-ended. They are welded corners, rails, I-beams.

Metal is used in cases where it is impossible to install reinforced concrete piles. It is easier to build up as you penetrate into the ground.

Metal profiles have high strength, which simplifies their piling into the ground. For a small cross section, solid inclusions or destroyed rocky grounds are not terrible.

Piles are slaughtered in the ground with a hammer or press. At a depth of up to 5 m, it is sufficient to use a hand hammer.

Special types of piles among metal products are screwed. Providing high strength, they are more economical and technologically sound reinforced concrete foundations. Piles are hollow tubes with external blades. They are screwed into the ground like screws, preserving its structure and further compacting. It is not allowed to rotate in the opposite direction, so as not to degrade the characteristics of the base.

Advantages of screw piles

Screw piles have the following advantages:

• Absence of earthworks;
• The possibility of building a house on a complex terrain and a weak ground;
• Ease of attachment to the finished architecturally formed sites;
• High load-bearing capacity;
• No shrinkage;
• Possibility of installation near communications and at any time of the year;
• durability.

The foundation of screw piles is used on a weak ground, where high humidity, freezing and fluidity. With it you can not build a basement, but this drawback is characteristic of all types of pile foundation.

When choosing screw piles, you should pay attention to the following factors.

1. The basis is a new tube of steel with sandblasting and a reliable anti-corrosion coating. The wall thickness should be at least 4 mm, and the blades - more than 5 mm.
2. The pipe from the outside should be smooth, without protruding welds, and the blade - of the correct shape.
3. To the quality of welding, high demands are made, otherwise the connections can not withstand screwing into the ground.

There are the following types of screw piles:

• Cast, having high strength of the connection of the blade with the pipe;
• Welded - with the welding of blades on the body of the pile;
• Combined, assembled from two parts, - blades with a cone.

Screw piles are not mounted in rocky and stony ground, although there is special equipment for such a plant.

Installation of screw piles

1. The appropriate pile size is selected based on the calculation and analysis of the soil.
2. The marking is made, and the pile is set to the desired location.
3. Screwing is done by special technique, but sometimes it can be done manually, using levers. Work in this is performed by 2-3 people. The depth should not be less than 1.5 m.
4. The pile is cut off one level at a time.
5. Inside the pipes, concrete can be poured.
6. The tops of the piles are welded to the headers, and then the binding is made with a channel or logs. Welding seams are smeared with mastic against corrosion.

Conclusion

Pile application technologies in construction make it possible to solve complex tasks of erecting buildings and structures in simple and accessible ways. The diverse types of piles, unlike other foundations, allow you to develop underground spaces in any ground and in built-up areas.