Year 1682: cancellation of localism. Causes, consequences

The Zemsky Sobor for the modernization of the armed forces of the Moscow kingdom was convened under Tsar Fyodor Alekseevich in the year 1682. The abolition of localism took place that year, which was a major step towards democratization and the improvement of not only the Russian troops, but the entire administrative administration as a whole. This measure became a harbinger of the famous Peter's reforms, the essence of which was to eliminate the principle of nobility in determining for service and highlighting personal merit.

About the ruler

The most important reform in the 17th century was the abolition of parochialism. At what tsar the transformation took place - one of the most interesting topics in Russian historiography. The corresponding decision was made under Fedor Alekseevich, whose reign was marked by a series of reforms aimed at strengthening the autocratic power. With him, an attempt was made to change the system of administrative and ecclesiastical administration, but because of his early death this measure was not realized.

Characteristics of the concept

Of particular importance in Russian history is the year 1682. The abolition of parochialism was perhaps its most important event, since it led to a radical transformation of a large part of society. But, before talking about the essence and significance of this reform, it is necessary to identify the main features of the time under consideration.

The end of the 17th century was a transitional period in the life of our country, because then the government clearly realized the need for change and serious reforms. At the same time, the old orders were still very strong, including the system of localism. So in the old days they called the principle of substitution of posts in accordance not with personal services, but according to the degree of nobility and nobility of this or that person. This led to endless disputes between representatives of boyar families who claimed higher places, referring to their ancient and noble origin.

Composition of the nobles

This state of affairs complicated the work of the state apparatus and military forces. After all, the essence of parochialism was not reduced to a person's abilities, but to the definition of the degree of his nobility and gentility.

Here we should say a few words about the composition of the Moscow boyars: it included representatives of the ancient capital aristocracy, the incoming Lithuanian and Tatar princes, and also the nobles of the appanage principalities attached to Moscow. All of them, as a rule, were members of the State Duma, engaged in civil and military management. However, the endless debate about which of them stood higher hindered the work of the growing state apparatus, which needed more flexible system for effective control.

Very often during military campaigns the boyars and voevodas were engaged not so much in the conduct of military operations as in finding out which of them was supposed to be the commander and to whom the subordinates, which, of course, sometimes led to unfortunate consequences.

Strength of the system

Zemsky Sobor on the abolition of parochialism, in fact, has changed the entire familiar administrative structure in our country. After all, on this principle for several centuries the system of state administration was based. Therefore, naturally, the question arises of the reasons for the stability of this system. There are several reasons for this. Firstly, the Moscow princes and kings themselves supported it, actively participating in the disputes of the boyars and defining them for service by origin and degree of kinship. Secondly, the constant growth of the Moscow nobility at the expense of noblemen from other appanage principalities required some order in the distribution of posts, and parochialism with its stable structure was best suited for this. Thirdly, this order was normatively formalized in digit books and pedigrees, which from generation to generation served as the basis for disputes and claims.

Estimates in historiography

The verdict on the abolition of parochialism became a natural consequence of the need to eliminate the cumbersome and intricate state apparatus based on this system. However, the modern historian D. Volodikhin notes some positive features of this system, indicating that it ensured the harmony and some strength of the entire system. According to the researcher, this principle kept for the time being the unity of the estate, despite the disputes and bickering over the rank occupied. However, most researchers still agree that this rule of substitution of posts had a very negative impact on the management system.

Prerequisites for reform

Proceeding from the foregoing, we can name the following reasons for the abolition of parochialism: the need to create a more efficient and mobile administrative structure, the desire of the tsarist government to attract talented and capable servicemen to the service. This reform should be seen as a continuation of the policy of the previous Moscow rulers, first of all Mikhail Fedorovich, in creating the so-called regiments of the new system. So, already at the beginning of the 17th century, the need to overcome the old system of staffing became obvious.

Cathedral

A new meeting of representatives of the clergy gathered in the year 1682. The abolition of localism became one of the main consequences of its administrative decisions. However, it should be noted that this cathedral was dedicated to more religious moments and was a continuation of the church reform. At this meeting, the main issues for consideration were the construction of new dioceses, monasteries, the rectification of the State Book. However, the need to abolish the outdated model of substitution of military and government officials matured so much that they decided to destroy and discharge books. It can be said that the decision taken to abolish the old system of service was a step forward in the military and public administration.

Value

One of the most important reforms in the history of Russia was carried out in the year 1682. The abolition of parochialism highlighted the advancement in the service at the expense of personal service. Therefore, Peter I can not be considered the ancestor of this reform: the first emperor only strengthened and legally formalized what existed before him.