What is extraversion? An extrovert: a characteristic. Extroversion: scale

The concept of "personality" has always evoked a lot of interpretations both among ordinary people and among professional researchers. In particular, quite a lot of attention was paid to questions such as extraversion and introversion. People are interested in the essence of interpersonal conflict, its genesis. Periodically, there are different versions of what factors determine the important system characteristics of individual development, how the psycho-physiological properties of a person are correlated with his state of health and many other nuances.

What is extraversion by Jung?

The question of the nature of introversion and extraversion is becoming increasingly important. Our article is devoted to the consideration of the methodological characteristics of this problem, its connection with the general theory of personality, consideration of basic techniques that help to identify the psychological type of a person's personality .

K. Jung still in the 20 th century considered the question of what an extraversion, and came up with a term. Let us dwell on this in more detail. So, "extroverted" personalities - these are addressed to external objects, and "introverted" - directed deep into their own thoughts and experiences. The first means setting the subject to fill external objects (archetypes) with an information property, the second - a strict orientation on the subject (inside himself).

Extraversion and modern science

Modern psychology operates with these concepts as characteristics of the personality temperament. In particular, when assigning a person to a particular psychotype, one can predict his basic psychological reactions to real external impressions (extrovert) and to the event series of the future (introvert). Thus, scientists today answer the question, what is extraversion. These psychological signs are only part of human behavior. True, they belong to the most recognizable and characteristic. Proceeding from this, we consider it necessary to consider extroverted and introverted personal essences in more detail.

Eysenck and his view on personality types

Extraversion according to Eysenck is described by a number of significant signs. The most visible among them are sociability, animosity, excitability, receptivity, impulsiveness. The subject needs people, prefers noisy activities, likes to laugh, is clearly focused on individual feelings and emotions.

The scientist put forward the hypothesis that there is a set of subjects suffering from these or other psychopathologies. Thus, neurotic introverts suffer from prolonged suppressed states, but externally oriented persons are subject to hysterical conditions. The latter require constant psychostimulation. The researcher assumed that the psychological property of "sociability-isolation" is determined by the presence of a specific neurophysiological brain tumor-the reticular formation. For introvert, this structure provides a stable structure of the cerebral cortex, in this connection people do not need long contact with the surrounding reality, and for externally oriented subjects there is a constant need for sensory stimulation - the structure of their reticular formation does not provide unique mechanisms for activation of the brain envelope.

The concept of Jung

K. Jung believed that each person has inherent properties of both extroverts and introverts. The essence of the problem lies in the varying degrees of manifestation of the first and second. The researcher defined four basic types of processing of knowledge entering into the brain: sensory, mental, intuitive and sensory, the supremacy of each of which determines the psychological setting of the subject. The theory of analysis declares that a person is a union of congenital and acquired archetypes, its structure is defined as their relationship, in particular the distribution of the conscious and unconscious layers, individual psychological properties.

An extrovert. Its characteristics

An extrovert compared to an antipode is not so much inclined to producing conditioned reflex activity, tolerated to painful signals, can not tolerate monotony and monotonous labor, so it can often be boring while working.

He is sociable, can not control emotions, is quite cheerful, is focused on his goal, perfectly adapted to the environment and openly demonstrates sensual manifestations.

Introvert. Main features

The introvert is inside of itself, it is difficult to form a system of social connections, it has discomfort in the process of adaptation to the external world. He is balanced, has rational thinking, is accurate, collected. Familiar in such a subject is extremely small. Pessimistic, highly moral. He is far from excessive experiences, he likes simplicity and deliberate order in all life spheres.

Being the founder and developer of the two-factor model of personality, H. Eysenck used as its basic indicators - extraversion, neuroticism. This concept, similar to anxiety, has the form of mental instability, hyperemotionality, depressiveness, isolation.

All of the above characteristics are hereditarily conditioned. The degree of their manifestation depends on the ratio in the nervous system of inhibition and excitation, as well as the possibility of stimulation of the cerebral cortex by means of the reticular formation. The basic system of differences between externally and internally oriented psychotypes was established by the scientist on the basis of an analysis of fifty physiological parameters.

Neuroticism in the extroversion scale

Neuroticism, on the one hand (in a subject who received high scores as a result of the study) is emotionally unstable, unbalanced, unstable with a labile vegetative system of neurotics. They are slow, hesitant, anxious and extremely sensitive.

On the other side (holders of low ratings) - stable, confident, balanced, determined individuals. This helps to determine whether an individual has an extraversion. The scale and its poles are closely interrelated. Their ratio in each individual is individual, creates a unique psychological identity. Characteristics of an individual subject are most often located in the central part of the scale. The more remote is the value from the center, the more pronounced is this or that personal property.

Eysenck's test

Extraversion by Eysenck is closely related to temperament, which clearly demonstrates what additional features a personality has. We can say that this questionnaire must be passed by each introvert and extrovert. The test is simple and takes up to 20 minutes of time.

The questionnaire contains both scales A and B, used together and independently of each other. The first form consists of 57 questions, 9 of which are aimed at revealing the untruth, 24 define the extravertive-introvertive type, 24 more - are linked to the scale of neuroticism.

Experimental research often has a group form of conduct. Respondents are asked to answer questions positively or negatively. After that, the leader of the research program processes the results obtained in the course of the experiment, calculates the final number of points by characteristic parameters: extraversion, lie, neuroticism. According to the "circle Eysenck" is determined by the corresponding temperamental characteristics.

During the second stage of information processing, it is distributed according to other group characteristics - for example, gender belonging of the subjects.

After receiving the results, the psychologist constructs a map of the subjects under study. The researcher prescribes recommendations for further self-correction.

The FPI questionnaire as an alternative to Eysencku

Another research option to identify a number of personality traits is the FPI questionnaire. It has a complex structure, is based on the description of a number of the most important psychological parameters of the individual, is aimed at researching the properties of the individual, helping him to go through the stages of social adaptation, and also skillfully regulating his own behavior. Contains twelve main scales (as an example - the X-scale (extraversion-introversion) determines the type of expression of personal properties of the first or second type).

It should be noted that the issue of the subject's orientation to the outside world or inwardly has not lost its relevance and is subject to further deep research. All people are different, their qualities can not be fully described using templates, regardless of whether the introvert is in front of you or an extrovert. Characteristics of the individual should be done on the basis of several tests and only under the control of a professional.