What are the achievements of Russian science in the early 20th century? Scientific discoveries of the 20th century

After leaving the cave of the Stone Age, human society has passed a great path of mental and spiritual development. This allowed people to sit at the computer screens and communicate with each other at any distance, penetrate into the secrets of nature and send spacecraft to other planets. This became possible thanks to the science that many generations have created and developed.

Historical way of development

Science in Russia before the Peter the Great was considerably behind the European one. This is due to the social and cultural characteristics of the state and the insignificant influence of Byzantium.

The first mathematical work in Ancient Rus was created in 1136 by the monk Kirik. Somewhat later translations of books on logic, cosmography and arithmetic appeared.

Science as a social institution arose in our state under Peter I. It was during the reign of his reign in America and Siberia that the first expeditions of Vasily Tatishchev and Vitus Bering departed .

The year 1724 was marked by the opening of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences. Many famous European scientists were invited to work in this institution. Of invaluable importance for the development of Russian science were the works and activities of Academician Mikhail Lomonosov.

1755 is considered the foundation date of the Moscow University. The history of Russian science after this has received a new round of its development. Somewhat later, universities were founded in Dorpat (1802), in Vilno (1803), in Kharkov and Kazan (1804), in St. Petersburg (1819). Already in the late 19th century. Their composition was replenished by Kiev, Warsaw, Tomsk and Odessa institutions of this kind.

The scientific elite in Russia was represented by:

- mathematics (NI Lobachevsky, MV Ostrogradsky and others);
- Physics (AS Popov, AG Stoletov);
- chemists (DI Mendeleyev, AM Butlerov, NN Zinin, etc.);
- doctors (SP Botkin, NI Pirogov);
- historians (NM Karamzin, VO Klyuchevsky).

Beginning of the twentieth century

This period was characterized by the transformation of agrarian Russia into a powerful industrial state. Those reforms that the government carried out attracted capital to the country. In Russia, various industries began to develop intensively, as well as the railway industry.

Since the end of the nineteenth century, the rise of culture, architecture, literature, etc. began. Science in the early 20 th century also reached its significant flourishing. During this period a real revolution of natural science took place, which had a great importance in the development of society. The large scientific discoveries of the 20th century, made during this period, led to a revision of already existing ideas about the world around the human being.

Creation of scientific and technical societies

Scientific discoveries of the 20th century in pre-revolutionary Russia were made thanks to the work of various circles. The latter were small communities, which included not only practitioners but also amateur enthusiasts. There were such circles at the expense of contributions from their members and private donations. For some societies, the government allocated large subsidies.

In addition to medical and agricultural, metallurgical and botanical, geographic and physico-chemical, there were secret scientific circles. An example of this can serve as the Society of Astronautics. Its members were the future great scientists of the 20th century - Tsiolkovsky, Korolev, and others.

All these circles were centers for conducting research work and propagating scientific knowledge among the population. However, the main contribution to the country's education still belonged to lyceums and universities, out of which the above listed societies emerged.

Development of medicine, genetics and biology

What are the achievements of Russian science in the early 20th century in this field? These include the classic work of Academician IP Pavlov. Russian scientists have been studied the physiology of the digestive system and the cardiovascular system. For his work in 1904 Pavlov was awarded the Nobel Prize. The same award in 1908 was awarded to II Mechnikov. Her scientist received for works on infectious diseases and immunology. Mechnikov also studied the influence of higher nervous activity on the course of physiological processes. On the basis of the knowledge, the scientists advanced the theory of conditioned reflexes.

The discoveries of the 20th century in the field of biology became a powerful impetus for the development of medicine. The beginning of the century was marked by the development of vaccinations against rabies, chicken cholera and anthrax. All this was the result of research by L. Pasteur, a bacteriologist at the Paris Institute. Based on this work, scientists from many countries, including Russia, have been developing measures aimed at the prevention and prevention of various epidemics.

A great contribution to the development of genetics was made by scientist I.V. Michurin. This founder of the science of selection of fruit plants worked in Tambov province, in his hometown of Kozlov. The goal of the scientist was to enrich the gardens of Russia with new cultures. Despite the obstacles facing him, the scientist fulfilled his task.

He developed a practical technique and made theoretical conclusions about the production of a variety of hybrids with unusual and useful properties for humans.

Perfection of military equipment

The development of this area was promoted by the aggressiveness of the leading states of the world and ever increasing technical capabilities. Already in 1911-1915, Russian engineers A.A. Porokhovshchikov, V.L. Mendeleev and A.A. Vasilyev created the first draft of an armored car, which was later called a tank.

Inventions and discoveries of the 20th century also apply to aviation. Thus, the first military aircraft participated in the maneuvers conducted in 1911 by the Warsaw, Petersburg and Kiev districts. In combat, this technique was used during the Balkan wars of 1912-1913. In 1914, the first bomber was named for the Ilya Muromets.

The navy did not lag behind aviation. Here the primacy belonged to the armored steam ships. One of the first among them was "Peter the Great."

The invention of the automaton

Science and technology of the 20th century in Russia often set as its goal the strengthening of the country's military potential. In this field it was possible to achieve significant success. So, in 1916 the designer-gunsmith Fedorov invented the world's first automatic. To do this, we had to shorten the barrel of the rifle in 1913 and provide it with a box magazine, as well as a handle for convenient shooting. As a result, a fire weapon was obtained, which today is the basis for the arming of infantry of any army in the world.

Development of chemistry and physics

Many scientific discoveries of the 20th century in this field were made in the countries of Western Europe. Thanks to them, humanity from steam engines began to move to internal combustion engines. However, new methods of extracting the main raw material for such mechanisms (oil) were proposed by Russian scientists.

The appearance of larger engines pushed the researchers to the idea of creating aircraft. The first attempts at a breakthrough in aeronautics were carried out in the 19th century. It was then that the lights saw airships and balloons.

What are the achievements of Russian science in the early 20th century in this field? Two- and four-engine planes were created in our country, which amazed contemporaries with their impressive size. Over their creation, such engineers as II Sikorsky and VG Lutskoy worked.

The opening of the 20th century in the field of aviation does not end there. The outstanding Russian scientist BN Yuryev in 1911 invented the main unit used in assembling modern helicopters. This device allowed to create a technique with high stability characteristics. Such helicopters can be safely controlled by ordinary pilots. The development of science in the twentieth century in the field of helicopter construction was laid by Yuryev.

In the same period, the origins of modern astronautics were born. The main discoveries of the 20th century in this area were made by the teacher of the Kaluga gymnasium, the nugget K.E. Tsiolkovsky. In 1903, he published brilliant works in which the possibilities of space flights were substantiated.

What are the achievements of Russian science in the early 20th century in the field of physics? This is the discovery of general regularities inherent in wave processes (electromagnetic, sound, etc.). They were established by the outstanding physicist PN Lebedev.

The greatest discoveries in the science of the 20th century were made by VI Vernadsky. This scientist became known all over the world after the publication of his encyclopaedic works, which were the basis for the development of new directions in radiology, geochemistry and biochemistry. Vernadsky's works on the noosphere and the biosphere are the sources of modern ecology.

Invention of a knapsack parachute

In 1910, G. Ye. Kotelnikov visited the All-Russian holiday dedicated to aeronautics. On it, he became one of the witnesses of the tragic death of the pilot L. Matsievich. Kotelnikov was not a designer, but an actor. However, the death of the pilot so shocked him that a year later he invented a parachute RC-1, fundamentally different from previous developments.

Domes as a means of escape and previously used by aeronauts. However, RC-1 was more compact. In addition, the parachute was a device for emergency response, which is always at hand. Slings and dome RK-1 were stacked first in a wooden knapsack, which was later replaced by an aluminum one. At the bottom of the box Kotelnikov arranged the springs. At the right moment, the parachutist pulled the ring. At that moment, the springs opened the lid of the box and threw the dome out. Currently, this invention is used by parachutists around the world.

The appearance of the TV

Russian science in the 20th century presented an invention to the world, which was the opening of the era. In 1907, a patent application for "the method of electric transmission of various images and their reception with an electron-beam tube" was filed by BL Rozing, a professor at a technological institute in St. Petersburg.

In the fall of 1910, the scientist made a public report at a meeting of the Russian Technical Society, in which he spoke about the solution of the issues on the road to the development of television. Rosing assured that when using such devices it is necessary to use an electron beam. The most surprising thing is that this conclusion was made at a time when electronics as an industry was still in its infancy. On the television system he created, Rosing first received a Russian patent, followed by German, English and American.

Discoveries in Geography

What are the achievements of Russian science in the early 20th century in the study of the structure of the world? During this period, trips were made to the countries of Oceania and to the north of Africa, to East and Central Asia. Each of them was marked by global discoveries. It should be said that geographic science in the early 20th century relied on the achievements obtained by Russian researchers.

Formation of the USSR

Science in Russia under the Soviet government gave the world a lot of great discoveries and achievements in various spheres of human activity. Even their cursory enumeration points to the breakthrough that scientists made.

The achievements of Soviet science played a huge role in the development of the national economy of the country. At the same time on their basis were created such newest for that time industries such as tractor and aviation, automobile and metallurgical. The results of ongoing scientific research have made it possible to develop the production of synthetic rubber, motor fuel, etc.

Achievements received by biology scientists allowed solving problems of food and light industry, as well as agriculture. In addition, the results of numerous studies have led to progress in health and the medical field.

Grandiose research programs were launched in the Soviet Union. New research institutes were also opened. Thus, in 1934 Vavilov founded the Physical Institute of the Academy of Sciences, in the same period the Institute of Organic Chemistry began its work. 1937 - the year of foundation of the Institute of Geophysics. His work was continued by the physiologist Pavlov and the selector Michurin. As a result of studies conducted by scientists, numerous discoveries were made in various disciplines. However, during the years of repression, the intellectual potential of the state was badly damaged.

The post-war period

The revival of Soviet science occurred in 1950. Research activities in these years led the Academy of Sciences. The Academy of Sciences was restored in all the republics of the country. This made it possible to accept patents for inventions and to exercise control over the expenditure of state finances allocated for this sphere.

Already in the mid-fifties, interest in cosmonautics has increased. In this area, a growing number of scientists. There are special textbooks and faculties in universities. All this is done purposefully for the education of young scientists.

1957 brought a real sensation in the world of science. This was the year of the launch of the first artificial Earth satellite. The country, which recently suffered in a terrible war, not only restored its scientific potential, but also became a leader in scientific progress. This event opened a new era of humanity and at the same time was the beginning of a "space race" with America, which did not want to lose its world authority.

In 1959 the Soviet satellite reached the Moon. This again raised Russia's authority in the world community. Already in the early sixties the Soviet Union became the second largest superpower in the world after the United States. America overtook our country only on economic potential.

April 12, 1961, there was another incredible event, which previously described in their writings fiction. On this day, a man for the first time in history flew into space and returned to earth.

In the 1980s, the development and production of modern electronic computers-computers began in our country. This technique was compact and did not occupy entire buildings and rooms. These were the years when the Soviet Union spent enormous amounts of resources on the scientific sphere, which amounted to a tenth of the state budget. This could not afford any country in the world.

Among the huge amount of scientific research conducted in Russia, there are many of those that have and continue to have a significant impact on the scientific and technological progress of the entire world community. We are talking about numerous discoveries in the field of chemical, biological and physical and technical sciences. These include the discovery of the phenomenon of paramagnetic resonance by EK Zavoisky. Russian scientists played an important role in solving the problems of obtaining atomic energy.