The device and principle of operation of the pyrolysis boiler. How to make a pyrolysis boiler by yourself: drawings, schemes and device

Solid-fuel heating equipment gradually began to be replaced by gas-generator models, which became a worthy alternative. They proved to be simple in operation, but at the same time extremely effective solutions, so even at a relatively high cost, consumers enjoy considerable popularity. Suffice it to say that the principle of the pyrolysis boiler is such that it is successfully used not only for heating private houses, but also for industrial enterprises.

The essence of pyrolysis

Gas-fired boilers operate on the principle of pyrolysis fuel combustion. Its essence lies in the fact that under conditions of lack of oxygen and under the influence of high temperature, the process of decomposition of dry wood into the volatile and solid parts takes place. The process usually takes place at a temperature of 200-800 degrees Celsius, and this is an exothermic process, that is, it also generates heat, which makes it possible to improve the heating of the fuel and its drying in the boiler. This is also accompanied by the heating of the air directly into the combustion zone.

Mixing of oxygen with pyrolysis gas, released from wood under high temperature conditions, leads to burning of the latter, which subsequently leads to the generation of thermal energy. In the process of combustion, active interaction with active carbon occurs, and this helps to minimize the release of harmful impurities. For the most part, this results in a mixture of water vapor and carbon dioxide.

Characteristics

Like other heating equipment, solid fuel produces heating of the coolant, which is subsequently fed into the system. From other models it differs by the principle of action and some design features. The principle of the pyrolysis boiler is based on the process of so-called dry distillation of wood. It consists in the isolation of pyrolysis gas from solid materials of organic origin under the influence of elevated temperatures in conditions of minimizing the supply of oxygen. This set of conditions leads to the decomposition of wood into gas and residues in the form of dry coke.

The process of pyrolysis is carried out when reaching 1100 degrees Celsius, so there is a large release of heat, which allows: to dry firewood in the boiler, to heat the air entering the combustion zone. When mixing oxygen and gas extracted from wood, the combustion of the latter occurs, due to which a lot of thermal energy is released. When the gas interacts with the active carbon, carcinogenic substances in the exhaust gases are minimized. Even carbon dioxide in them is three times less than in conventional boilers running on solid fuel.

Device

To understand the principle of the pyrolysis boiler, it is necessary not only to examine its device, but also to determine how each separate unit of the device functions. It includes a considerable number of mechanisms and details. However, a pair of chambers serves as the basis. They are usually completely hermetically sealed from steel sheets that have a thickness of at least 5 mm. The nozzle is used as a separator for the camera. The upper part of the furnace was made in the form of a fuel bunker, that is, a separate structure, and the lower part is used simultaneously as a combustion chamber and ash pan.

Each camera is designed for the flow of well-defined processes. In the upper section, drying of firewood occurs with simultaneous heating of air, which is then sent to the next compartment. In the lower chamber, the resulting gas is burned and ash accumulated.

Operation

The principle of operation of solid fuel pyrolysis boiler is based on the possibility of power adjustment by boosting secondary gas. So the result is more effective in comparison with conventional heaters. The required temperature of the heating medium can be set by means of a built-in thermostat.

The pyrolysis boiler is such that, in its operation, the soot is completely absent in the combustion process, and the ash is formed in a minimum amount. These features are designed to provide the ability to clean the device as rarely as possible.

If we talk about how the pyrolysis boiler works in comparison with conventional solid fuel, then it is worth noting a longer burning of firewood at the same tab, namely the functioning up to 12 hours. Naturally, this is affected by temperature performance, but the resource is much more. Firewood is consumed sparingly by heating the air entering the combustion zone.

Choice of fuel

While the device of the pyrolysis boiler assumes its operation on firewood, which is recognized as the most cost-effective, in practice, alternative types of organic fuels, such as coal and peat, can be used for its operation. To increase the efficiency of the equipment it is necessary to take into account that each type of raw material has its own time of complete combustion. In the case of softwood it is 5 hours, with a solid - 6, with a coke - 10.

The conducted researches and user surveys testify to the fact that the greatest efficiency of functioning of the heating equipment is achieved when working on dry wood. The humidity of the wood should not be more than 20%, and the length of the logs can be up to 65 cm. This fuel will not only ensure the maximum capacity of the equipment, but also significantly increase the time of its uninterrupted functioning. However, if it is not possible to purchase this type of resource, an alternative type of fossil fuels may be used, provided that the manufacturer has authorized it. It can be: peat, pellets, wood waste, cellulose-containing industrial wastes, coal.

However, when choosing any type of fuel, it is important to remember that excessive humidity can lead to the release of steam during the operation of the apparatus, which causes the formation of soot and reduces the thermal characteristics of the equipment during operation. Only with the use of dry substances and the correct regulation of the flow rate of primary and secondary air, is the minimization of the release of carcinogenic substances by pyrolysis gases.

Advantages of gas-generating equipment

Now, when it is known how the pyrolysis boiler is constructed and what types of fuel can be used for it, it should be noted that among solid-fuel models this is the most economical kind. The operation of such equipment is characterized by:

- rapid transition to an energy efficiency regime;

- a stable temperature in the heating system, provided that there is fuel in the furnace;

- there is no need for frequent cleaning;

- the boiler is appropriate to use in conjunction with any system;

- does not need to install a chimney;

- is made of corrosion resistant heat-resistant materials.

Such a list parameter indicates the efficiency of pyrolysis boilers in comparison with traditional solid fuel models, so they can be used for operation in any premises. High cost is the only drawback of such equipment, however, in case of impossibility of using alternative devices, in addition to solid fuel, the choice will be in favor of the former.

Pyrolysis boiler: diagrams, photos and recommendations for manufacturing

Since such equipment is becoming more popular in recent times among consumers, the issue of not only its acquisition, but also its own production becomes urgent. This is due to the rather high cost of ready-made solutions, beyond the power of most citizens. To make a pyrolysis boiler with your own hands, you only need the desire and some tools. First you need to have basic information about how this heater looks and works. In advance, it should be calculated which type of combustion will be optimal for a specific task - with a slotted burner or on a grate. After that, the specialized store needs to purchase all the necessary parts. After that, you can start making a pyrolysis boiler by yourself. Drawings that will serve as a support, too, must be prepared in advance.

Details

For the independent manufacture of gas-generating equipment, the following materials are required:

- steel pipe with walls 4 mm thick;

- sheet steel 4 mm thick;

- Profile pipes ;

- electrodes;

- a round rod with a diameter of 20 mm;

- fireclay bricks;

- automatics for temperature control;

- asbestos cord;

- Nuts and bolts.

So, if you decide to make a pyrolysis boiler by yourself, the drawings will help in determining the optimum amount of materials for this. At the moment, there are quite a few publications in which the schemes and a detailed description of the work process are published. If you follow them, you can create a fairly efficient unit. Scheme pyrolysis boiler (with their own hands, as already mentioned above, make it a special effort does not) is required to indicate the location of water, heat exchanger and furnace. It is not necessary to create a drawing of the unit from scratch, it is better to correct the standard variant, making corrections for a specific situation.

Work on creating

When manufacturing a gas-fired boiler, you can use as your base model a 40 kW heater designed by the designer Belyaev, and then to optimize for laser cutting, reducing the number of required parts. The internal volume must remain unchanged with any changes in the design of the device. The jacket of the heat exchanger must increase considerably. After this, it is possible to start connecting all the details of the pyrolysis boiler, provided that the drawing is clearly followed. Air in this case is used as a heat carrier, which allows to warm up the room without loss of heat.

Tightness of pipes is an optional condition, since a wood boiler usually does not become the initiator of leakage and depressurization of the heating system. This device can be considered an ideal solution for installation in a dacha where the need for heating does not arise very often.

Installation

After the instrument is assembled according to the scheme, it is possible to proceed with its installation and subsequent testing. If the gas generator is properly manufactured, it must quickly enter the required mode, and the heating of the heating system should take place in 30 minutes. Usually the temperature in the room rises quite quickly.

conclusions

So, now that you know not only the principle of the pyrolysis boiler operation, but also the possibilities of its self-manufacturing, it remains only to decide: either to purchase the finished model or to make it yourself. It is important to understand that the devices manufactured by the industry are manufactured qualitatively, tested and guarantee complete safety of operation.