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The design of the aircraft. Elements of construction. The design of the A321
The design of the aircraft largely influences its running, technical and aerodynamic characteristics. The invention of this aircraft made it possible to make an incredible breakthrough in the speedy overcoming of considerable distances. Consider the elements and features of flying machines.
Elements of aircraft construction
Below are the names of the main parts, of which the majority of modern aircraft consists:
- The main body of the aircraft (fuselage). It serves to connect the core, wings, power units, chassis and other external elements into one whole. Inside the fuselage there is a cockpit for the crew, a cargo and passenger compartment.
- Reactive or standard powerful motors, which set the aircraft in motion.
- The wing is a piece that serves to stabilize the unit and create a lift.
- For vertical balancing and stability, vertical plumage is used.
- The horizontal tail is responsible for the controllability and stabilization of the machine in the longitudinal part.
- Control system.
- Optional equipment.
Plumage
The classical design of the aircraft in the tail section is typical for most combat and civilian modifications. In this scheme, the horizontal plumage consists of a fixed stabilizer and an adjustable elevator.
The stabilizer is designed for the stability of the aircraft relative to the transverse axis. When lowering the nose of the aircraft, the tail part, together with the plumage, is fed up. In this regard, the airflow pressure on the upper compartment of the stabilizer increases. The created load returns the stabilizer together with the fuselage to the required position.
The equipment also includes a rear vertical plumage. It consists of a fixed element (keel) and an adjustable rudder. The principle of operation of the node is similar to that of a horizontal analog, only in the vertical plane.
The design of the aircraft ensures the stability of the device in two planes. Longitudinal stability guarantees the position of the wing console at a certain angle to each other, like the letter "V".
Controls
The steering surfaces play an important role in the design of the aircraft. The elevator is a movable rear stabilizer element. If this node is equipped with a pair of consoles, then the steering wheel will be two. They are synchronously deflected downwards or upwards, helping to change the altitude of the glider flight.
Ailerons are moving parts of the wing consoles. They allow to stabilize the aircraft relative to the longitudinal axis. The work of the elements is carried out synchronously, the deviation of each part occurs in different directions.
The rudder is the active part of the keel, serves to stabilize the apparatus vertically. The rotation in the opposite direction from the direction of the rudder occurs until the pilot returns to the neutral position.
Motor and other systems
The considered aircraft are equipped with different types of engines. They are responsible for speed dialing and the rise of lift. Motors can be mounted in front of the aircraft, rear and on the wings.
The power plants are subdivided as follows:
- Reactive motors - include a pulsating dual-circuit unit with a jet turbine.
- Screw - are represented by piston models and complex variations with a turbine.
- Rocket engines are liquid or solid-state superfast modifications.
A number of details belong to the bearing structures of the aircraft. The chassis is responsible for the take-off and landing of the vehicle on the runways of the aerodromes. Amphibians use peculiar ski-floats, allowing to operate the car on water or snow.
The design of the A-321
This is the largest representative of airliners of the brand Airbus. The airplane is equipped with an elongated fuselage, has an increased indicator of passenger capacity. Among the common modifications of this series are two samples: A231-100 with a low range in comparison with analogues, and A321-200 with an additional fuel tank and powerful motors.
In total, about a thousand aircraft of this brand are produced. Serial production of machines continues to this day. The model meets all required standards and has a good prospect for saturation of the world market with airbuses.
The design of the A321 is simple and straightforward. The cabin occupies about 200 passengers. The cruising speed of the aircraft is 900 km / h, and the maximum take-off height is 10.5 km. At the same time the range of flight varies about 4,3 thousand kilometers.
Advantages and disadvantages
Among the merits of the design of the A321 aircraft are the following points:
- The machine has a high level of sound insulation.
- The device is good for the crew and passengers.
- Spacious and comfortable salon.
- Excellent technical parameters.
Among the shortcomings, the following aspects are noted:
- A bit outdated technical combinations, compared to the latest foreign models.
- Limited use.
The design of the aircraft A-321 provides equipment with seats, which are arranged in four pieces in a row. They have a comfortable width, leather trim, built-in airbags. In the salon are provided sockets for computers, as well as other amenities in terms of passenger comfort.
Classification
By designation, the aircraft are subdivided into civilian and military models. The main parts of the first option are equipped with a passenger or cargo compartment. They occupy most of the inner area of the fuselage.
Types of non-combat aircraft:
- Local passenger carriers. The range of their flight ranges from two to ten thousand kilometers, and the intercontinental category overcomes 11 thousand km.
- Freight models are divided into light, medium and heavy groups. Depending on their qualifications, they are able to transport between 10 and 40 tons of cargo.
- Special aircraft. They are used for sanitary, agrarian, reconnaissance, fire-fighting needs, and also as aerial photography units.
- Educational modifications.
Military variations do not have such a comfortable salon equipment. The main part of the fuselage is occupied by weapons complexes, reconnaissance equipment, ammunition and special auxiliaries. The division of army gliders by classes: military transport models, fighters, ground attack planes, bombers, scouts.
The device of aircraft depends on the aerodynamic scheme, on which they are executed. It is characterized by the number of basic elements and the location of the bearing surfaces. If the nose of the aircraft in most models is similar, then the location and geometry of the wings, tail can vary greatly.
In conclusion
It is worth noting that the aircraft AN, whose design refers to the type of classic design, is widely used in passenger and cargo air transportation. In general, several schemes of aircraft devices are distinguished. Among them:
- Classical design.
- Type "flying wing".
- Tandem design.
- Modification of "Duck".
- Convertible and combined scheme.
- "The tailless."
Among themselves, the modifications differ in the layout of the units, the location of the motors, the exterior, the principle of take-off / landing, as well as the parameters of speed and payload.
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