EducationThe science

The chemical formula of soap. Manufacture of soap

What kind of soap there is today! Multicolored, bright, beautiful. There is a transparent, in which temptations are visible patterns or fruktiki, different images. Very popular species for children, which are made in the form of favorite cartoon characters, cute animals and other characters. In general, the producers of soap are trying their best. But what is this product from within? What is its chemical composition, when did it appear and how do they get it? Let's try to understand.

Chemical basis of soap

From the scientific point of view, this product is the result of alkaline hydrolysis of oils or fats. The first time that soaps and fats have something in common, Michel Shevrel, a French chemist, guessed. Almost all his life he devoted to the study of higher carboxylic acids. Therefore, he belongs to the merits of a theoretical explanation of the composition of fats, and consequently, and soap.

Chevrel said that if the higher trihydric alcohol glycerin containing three hydroxo groups reacts with an acid whose general formula is R-COOH, then triglycerides, esters of acids, will form. They will be fat. If the reaction is carried out in an alkaline medium, the resulting product will react with NaOH (KOH) to form a soap.

Later, these theoretical conclusions were reinforced by Berthelot's experiments in the laboratory. Usually the composition of different soaps includes the following components:

  • water;
  • Oleic acid ;
  • Naphthenic acids;
  • Stearic;
  • Palmitic;
  • rosin;
  • Sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide.

Therefore, the chemical formula of soap is conditionally written in the following way: R-COOMe, where R is a radical having 8 to 20 or more carbon atoms. Me is a metal, alkaline or alkaline earth.

If we talk about the usual household product used for washing clothes, the soap formula will look something like this: C 17 H 35 -COONa. It includes:

  • Stearic acid;
  • sodium hydroxide;
  • rosin;
  • water;
  • Sometimes use coconut oil.

In different countries, the production of this type of product occurs in different ways, so most often the result is different in composition, color, and quality of washing. Thus, the soap formula itself becomes clear. Chemistry gives the following definition to this product: these are salts of higher carboxylic acids, which include alkaline or alkaline-earth metals.

At the same time, it should be noted that the products vary greatly in terms of aggregate state, transparency, odor and other organoleptic parameters. Everything depends on the chemical composition and mode of production.

Formula of liquid soap

Very popular in recent years, a detergent is liquid products. It is comfortable, it seems that it is more gentle for the skin of the hands and is aesthetically pleasing to the bathroom shelf. Therefore, liquid soap is one of the most common types of these salts. How do they differ from solid and why is such a difference in aggregate states?

It turns out that the whole thing is in the metal cation that forms the connection, as well as in the production technology. The soap formula, which is liquid, looks like this: R-COOK. That is, the composition necessarily includes potassium ions. Accordingly, potassium hydroxide participates in the production.

Main characteristics of such products:

  • viscosity;
  • Hygroscopicity;
  • Viscidity;
  • transparency;
  • Better solubility.

Solid soap

To obtain the product in a more traditional aggregate state, it is necessary to use soda lime, or sodium hydroxide, in the manufacture. At the same time, it should be pointed out that if Na ions are included in the composition, the product turns out to be solid and not otherwise. Lithium ions often also form similar soaps.

Thus, the soap formula takes a slightly different form: R-COONa, R-COOLi. From the chemical point of view, the quantitative composition and structure of the substances does not change, soap corresponds to its nature, being salts of carboxylic acids. Physical characteristics, organoleptic properties, external design - it's all about being able to change a person himself, than people actively do.

Classification

There are two bases for separating the described substances into categories. The first sign of classification is the chemical basis in manufacture. According to this criterion, there are:

  • Core soap - fatty acids not less than 60% in the composition;
  • Half-core - about 30%;
  • Glutinous - no more than 47%.

The chosen basis can be given soap completely different options for external design. You can make it marble, transparent, with interior decorations and components, colored and matte and so on. The soap formula will also be expressed by the general composition of R-COOMe, however, rosin and naphthenic acids, as well as sorbitol, sodium chloride, flavoring agents, colorants, preservatives, foaming agents and other compounds often enter the product itself.

The second sign of classification is a household purpose. Thus, three types of product are distinguished.

  1. Toilet - used for cosmetic purposes for washing, washing the body. Must have a good foaming ability, be soft and not cause irritation and dryness. To do this, fatty acids should not fall beyond the limit of 72% in the composition.
  2. Special - used in leather, textile, medicine and so on. Contains special technical additives.
  3. Economic - designed for washing household items, washing clothes, cleaning and other household needs.

The soap formula of this kind from the previous one is no different, it can also be transparent, matte, colored and so on. The ratio of components varies depending on the intended use.

Manufacture in industry

Manufacture of soap on a wide scale is carried out in special soap factories. There, according to pre-planned and delineated technologies and designs, the production of a huge number of copies of the product, both solid and liquid, is established. The main technological chains are as follows:

  • Neutralization reaction between calcined soda and products of hydrolysis of fats (carboxylic acids);
  • Interaction with caustic soda or caustic soda;
  • Alkaline hydrolysis of triglycerides.

In any case, you can get a different soap on its physicochemical properties.

History of soap making

It is known that people knew about the cooking of soap over 6 thousand years ago, that is, even before our era. In Ancient Egypt boiled ash with the addition of fat and received the desired product. So the future generations continued for several centuries in a row.

In Europe, the production of soap was weakly intensive, since nobody cared about the purity of its body, it was considered shameful. And only since the XVIII century, soap making reaches its peak. New simplified production technologies are invented, aromatic oils and emollients are included in the soap, it becomes more diverse and pleasant to use.

Manufacture by own hands

How to make soap with your own hands? Is it possible? The answer is unequivocal: yes, it is possible. Today many people have made it their home business and they make very good money on this.

If you have creative imagination, creativity and non-standard thinking, dexterous hands, desire and room for work, then it is not difficult to do soap making.

Soap Home Technology

There are three main ways to prepare a product without leaving home.

  1. To buy a special ready-made basis for production. This is a convenient, inexpensive and fast-paced version of how to make soap with your own hands. This foundation will require only your imagination and the addition of the necessary fragrances and dyes. It is plastic and comfortable to handle, it can be given any shape. Also, if desired, you can get a transparent product.
  2. To buy a ready-made soap without perfumes, dyes and aromatic additives. For example, children's. Then grind, melt in a water bath, and then proceed as in the first case.
  3. Cook from scratch. The most dangerous in terms of security and time-consuming process. Can be carried out according to any of the described industrial methods. However, it should be remembered that work with alkalis should be extremely cautious. And not at home, but in a special room.

Similar articles

 

 

 

 

Trending Now

 

 

 

 

Newest

Copyright © 2018 en.birmiss.com. Theme powered by WordPress.