Sale of goods: wiring. Accounting for the sale of goods

The activity of the enterprise is connected with sales, be it works, services or products. A common way of making a profit is selling the goods. Postings describing this process are very important in accounting. We analyze in detail the stages of the transfer of goods to customers and the rules for the compilation of account assignments.

Accounting for goods and materials for sale

Generalized information on the availability of goods and their movement contains an account 41. Its use in accounting is typical for enterprises of trade, supply, marketing and catering organizations. Industrial organizations use it very rarely and only in those cases when it is necessary to take into account products whose value is compensated by buyers separately.

Accounting of goods on account 41 can be made both at the purchase and at the sale price. If the parish is formalized using sale prices, an additional account 42 is opened, which reflects the amount of the mark-up.

What is implementation?

After the acceptance of goods into the warehouse or the release of finished products, the enterprise is interested in earning an income as soon as possible in order to continue its activities. Realization is understood as the sale of products through the conclusion of an agreement between the parties to the transaction or the retail method.

The existence of a document regulating the process of implementation of the items of the agreement between the seller and the buyer is usually characteristic of wholesale trade. This is the sale of products to other legal entities that plan to use the goods for further resale or production needs. Direct sale of works, services or goods implies retail relations.

Accounting for the implementation process

In accounting, the implementation of a business transaction is described using correspondence accounts. It is already known that the initial position of commodities in the warehouse is fixed in 41 accounts. But where further means move, describing the fact of sale?

Regardless of the type of trade and the direction of the enterprise, the process of implementation and its results describes the account 90 in accounting. Its subaccounts are provided for the collection of information both on the amount of revenue, as well as on the amounts of VAT, the cost of goods sold and the overall financial result.

Account 90 in accounting is active-passive, in the loan indicate the amount that increases the income of the enterprise, and in the debit - the results of expenses. It is here that the goods are written off from the account 41 and the costs of circulation (note 44).

Sales of goods: wiring from wholesalers

The enterprise, acting in the role of the supplier, will coordinate the terms of delivery of the goods with the buyer using the contract. In addition, the seller generally should be sent the following securities:

• Accompanying or commodity;
• Demand payment;
• Invoice.

Reflection of the implementation process in accounting documents depends on the way of recognizing the transfer of ownership of goods shipped. Consider the situation when the organization recognizes it at the time of shipment regardless of the payment terms. Accompanying papers must contain information on the sale price of goods, as well as the amount of VAT from it. For the buyer, the debt is formed in the amount of the cost of the supplied products plus the VAT amount. The operation requires simultaneously to compile accounting entries for the sale of goods:

1. Дт «Settlements with buyers» Кт «Revenues» - the amount of accounts receivable of buyers including VAT is fixed.
2. Дт "Cost of sales" Кт "Goods" - the amount of shipped products was written off at the purchase price.
3. Дт «VAT on sales» Кт «Obligations under the VAT» - VAT is taken into account for payment.

Costs in accounting for sales

After posting, Дт 90.2 Кт 41 write off the selling costs, which are included in the cost of production. The values of their sums are on account 44. The data is accumulated until the sale of goods and services. In this case, depending on the instructions of the accounting policy, the following can be made:

• Дт 90.2 Кт 44 - expenses related to the sold products were written off;
• Дт 90 (sub commercial charges) Кт 44 - for commercial expenses the sum of costs of the circulation of the sold production is written off.

The second account assignment is only feasible if it is installed in the enterprise. A more typical and generally applicable method of writing down the costs of circulation is the first posting.

Sales of goods: posting in retail

Direct sales of products to consumers are most often carried out with the help of cash payments, but bank cards, settlement checks, commission contracts or installments can also be used. Tracking the amount of revenue in the cashier helps the CMC, which are mandatory for use in enterprises working with the population. Indicators of the car at the end of the day form the amount of money that brought the sale of goods. Postings - an example of referring account amounts 50 to the financial result - are compiled as follows:

• Дт "Cash" Кт "Revenues" - refers to the proceeds from the sale of goods at sales prices, including VAT;
• Дт "Cost of sales" Кт "Goods in retail" - the amount of purchase value of goods was written off;
• Дт "Sales" (subaccount "VAT") Кт "Calculations for VAT" - VAT is payable.

We should not forget about the overhead costs of the trading enterprise, which are written off in this way:

• Дт "Cost of sales" Кт "Expenses for sales" - the cost of sales includes the amount of distribution costs.
• When creating a separate subaccount for invoices. 90 the account assignment is as follows: Дт 90 (commercial expenses) Кт 44.

During the reporting month, the accounting department can repeatedly perform the described transactions. Account data 90 in the context of sub-accounts are accumulated over a period, and then written off. The aggregate of debit circulations. 90.2, 90.3, 90.4 and the amount of the loan acc. 90.1 determines the financial result and is written off by posting Дт 90.5 Кт 99 or Дт 99 Кт 90.5. The balance at the end of the month does not count 90.

Accounting for the sale of goods at sales prices

The commodity margin is taken into account on account 42. When taking products to the warehouse, the bookkeeper reflects the amount of the difference in the purchase and sale costs in the debit. After making sales and writing off the results to account 90, a red reversal method is used, which involves the reflection of a negative amount. The operation is characterized by wiring Дт 90.2 Кт 42 (red reversal). The amounts to be charged include VAT. After the allocation of the amount of tax, the remaining part of the funds is allocated to cover expenses. Further account assignments are performed in a manner similar to the purchase price accounting method.

As you can see, the sale of goods with VAT is directly related. Postings that characterize the allocation of tax and its payment to the budget are as follows:

• Дт "Sales" (subaccount "VAT") Кт "VAT calculations" - revealed the amount of tax that was received from customers and is payable;
• Дт «Calculations for VAT» Кт «Settlement account» - the amount of tax is transferred to the state. budget.

Commission sales of goods: wiring, characteristics

The main feature of the sale of non-food products, adopted by the commission, is that with the transfer of property rights to own it remain for the principal. Relations between the parties are regulated by the contract.

For the purposes of accounting, the commissioned products use the account 004. When accepting goods for a commission, the amount is reflected in the debit, upon writing-off - on the loan. The remuneration of the commission agent is reflected in the posting of Дт 76 Кт 90.1.

Implementation and its fixing in documents is an important component of accounting. Distortion of data will entail incorrect calculation of the tax base and incorrect assessment of the results of financial activities.