Old Russian dishes: names

Old Russian dishes differed in variety, despite the fact that it was created most often from wood. Its attractiveness for modern people is that it is beautiful, unprepossessing, and making dishes was a real creative process, a genuine art in which the imagination of Russian craftsmen was manifested.

Features of ancient tableware

As already mentioned, in Russia all utensils were carved out of wood, both for food and for drinking. That's why we have not got very many samples of real folk art. Old Russian dishes differ in variety - it is bowls, and ladles, and jugs, and carved spoons. These attributes were created in different centers of the Russian principality, and each master distinguished his unique handwriting. Painting and carving are the most common decorations of ancient dishes. Today, these products can be found except in museums and private collections of lovers of ancient gizmos.

What material was used

Not all types of wood were suitable for making dishes. Most often used birch, aspen, coniferous trees. The soft linden was used to create spoons, buckets, fillers. And in the documentation there is an ancient Russian crockery, the name of which draws attention by its unusualness. For example, a spoon of straightness, a bucket of roots - such names do not tell us anything, modern people, accustomed to glass and porcelain for serving the table. In fact, straightness is the wood of the trunk, and the root vessel is a vessel made of a powerful rhizome. Peasants, as a rule, used to create dishes, any tree - and debris, and bark, and flexible roots that are comfortable to weave. And the most expensive was considered to be utensils from a kapa - a build-up on a tree.

Ladle

This ancient Russian crockery has reached us in a modified form, because modern models are not created from wood. Metal buckets in modern Russia are often used in villages when equipping a bath. In Ancient Russia, the bucket was considered the most common kind of festive dishes for drinking - they served honey, kvass, beer. The ensemble of large and small buckets served as the real decoration of the table.

This ancient Russian crockery for wine has always been elegant and interesting, for example, in the form of a boat, a floating bird. On the Northern Dvina created this dish with two handles, which resembled the head and tail of a duck. A great role was played also by the bright painting, with which these simple peasant attributes of everyday life were adorned. In the Tver province, local craftsmen created vessels in the form of a horse head, decorated with carvings and geometric rosettes in the center, which is an ancient symbol of the sun. And in 1558, during the reign of Ivan the Terrible, he ordered a bucket, decorated with three large sapphires. Today, this work of art is stored in one of the museums in Germany, where it fell during the Great Patriotic War.

Buckets of different regions

Moscow masters created buckets from a drop, which allowed to keep a beautiful picture of the texture. These products were in the form of a rook, a flat bottom, a pointed spout and a short horizontal handle. Vessels had dense and strong walls, and as an additional decoration used a silver frame. Kozmodemyanskiy ladles were created from linden and resembled Moscow in shape, but they were deeper and larger in volume. The buckets, made by the Tver craftsmen, were hollowed out from the roots of the trees more often in the form of an elongated boat. And in the northern regions, scoop-scoopyards were created-vessels in the form of a boat with two handles, one of which was necessarily performed in the form of a bird's head or a horse.

Breadbaskets and solonitsa

This Old Russian crockery was also an obligatory attribute on any table, because bread and salt were important components of the diet. Used bread bakery for storing flour products, and made it from the bast - the layer of the tree trunk, which is located between the bark and the core. Such dishes reliably protects the bread from mold and moisture.

Salt in Russia was an expensive treat, so the creation of dishes for its storage came very carefully. Strawberries were made in two basic forms - in the form of a chair, which rises the seat-cover, or in the form of a floating bird. Very beautiful and unusual looked ancient Russian dishes - pictures show how much attention was paid to the elements of painting and carving.

Bratin, chips and eyelids

If the names "ladle" and "solo" (though we often call it "salt cellar") are familiar to everyone, then with the word "broatin" everything is much more complicated. Most likely, the name of this dish comes from the word "brother", which denoted the festive feast. As a rule, it was carried out in the form of a ball, which was intercepted from above by a neck-crown with bent edges. Ancient Russian ornamentation on dishes of this species was very different. For example, to the present day, preserved in the XVIII century, preserved bratina, decorated with paintings in the form of scales with the inscription. By the way, the inscriptions also played a big role in the design of ancient dishes. They could tell about a lot: about the place and date of creation of the attribute, about its owner and so on.

There were used in the old days and plates, which are wide dishes with low edges. They served fried and baked dishes, and in the monasteries even baked loaves. The eyelid was an oblong dish, which was covered from above with a lid and additionally equipped with handles. It was used for different purposes: for baking pies, storing kvass, cooking meat dishes. Later this dish turned into a pan known to us.

Ends and cups

If everything is clear with the cups, then the endow is old Russian dishes, the names of which were different: both the bowl, and yandova, and the broth. This dish is a round vessel of copper or bast, which was used to drink beer, honey, berg. Stylized such vessels in the form of figures of a duck, a goose, a rooster, a rook and in each region had their own drawings. Until now, such utensils have been preserved in the Karelians - they create a valley from lime, oak, maple or birch wood.

The Tver masters created the best valleys from the kapa (the outgrowth on the tree). The dishes were made in the form of a bowl on a special pallet (oval or square) and supplemented with a spout-drain. The vessels were treated with an ax, then they were leveled by a cramp.

Stavtsy and spoons

Unusual and very colorful Old Russian dishes made of wood, and the names of her sometimes very unexpected. For example, a staple was used for food, which was created by grinding on a special machine. These dishes were two deep bowls - one served as a lid, but it could also be used as a plate. Well, what festive table can do without spoons? Probably, this element of utensils is available to many - a beautiful and thick wooden spoon, richly decorated with paintings. In the stewards in Russia were served and fruits with vegetables. But there was a dish for a specific type of fruit - lemongrass, vegetable, borage.

A large number of types of wooden spoons was in Novgorod the Great. Particularly beautiful were products that had, as it were, a raised stem. Most often as an ornament was used a braid, which was performed by the technique of contour carving. And in the northern regions were created spoonfuls with inlaid bone or fangs. In addition, in each region, the spoons had their own unique shape. For example, in the Gorky region created ladies, salad, fishing, thin spoons, which differed in rounded and cut handle-handle. Kirovskaya spoon differed egg-shaped scoop and flat handle.

Vessels for drinking

In Ancient Rus all the utensils used for drinking were called drink or a tavern. In this case the name of almost each of them is interesting and original from the point of view of origin. Perhaps the simplest and most understandable vessel is a jug - in it drinks were stored and served on the table. A variation of the jug was a kumgang, borrowed from the eastern neighbors, standing out with a narrow neck, a long spout and a handle. The kumgans often kept water, so they were large. Tin bows are also a kind of jug. In it were stored and served different drinks to the table. But with glass products in Russia, the matter was very interesting. So, already in the XII century the word "glass" was known, but they were brought from other countries.

Very interesting look and glass utensils, and Old Russian dishes made of wood. Pictures from chronicles and ancient records show that most of these attributes were simple, concise, and differed only in patterns and ornaments. Kitchen utensils were called in appearance or material that was used to create it.