Oil is a mineral. Oil deposits. Oil production

Oil is one of the world's most important minerals (hydrocarbon fuel). This raw material for the production of fuels and lubricants and other materials. For its characteristic dark color and huge importance for the world economy, oil (mineral) is called black gold.

General information

This substance is formed together with hydrocarbons of gaseous type at a certain depth (mainly from 1.2 to 2 km).

The maximum number of oil deposits is located at a depth of 1 to 3 km. Next to the earth's surface, this substance becomes dense malt, semi-solid asphalt and other materials (for example, tar sand).

By originality and chemical composition, the oil, the photo of which is presented in the article, is similar to natural combustible gases, as well as with ozocerite and asphalt. Sometimes all these combustible fossils are united under one name - petrolites. They are also referred to a wider group - caustobioliths. They are combustible minerals of a biogenic nature.

This group includes also such fossils as peat, shale, stone and brown coals, anthracite. By the ability to dissolve in organic liquids (chloroform, carbon disulfide, alcohol-benzene mixture), oil, like other petroleum products, as well as substances that are extracted by these solvents from peat, coal or products of their processing, are referred to as bitumen.

Using

At the moment, 48% of the energy consumed on the planet is in oil (minerals). This is a proven fact.

Oil (mineral) is the source of many chemicals used in various industries in the production of fuels, lubricants, polymer fibers, dyes, solvents and other materials.

The increase in oil consumption led to higher prices for it and to a gradual depletion of mineral resources. This makes us think about switching to alternative energy sources.

Description of physical properties

Oil is a liquid from light brown to dark brown (almost black) color. Sometimes there are emerald green specimens. The average molecular weight of the oil is from 220 to 300 g / mol. Sometimes this parameter ranges from 450 to 470 g / mol. The index of its density is determined in the region of 0.65-1.05 (mostly 0.82-0.95) g / cm³. In this respect, oil is divided into several types. Namely:

• Easy. The density is less than 0.83 g / cm³.
• Average. The density index in this case is in the range from 0.831 to 0.860 g / cm3.
• Heavy. The density is more than 0.860 g / cm³.

This substance contains a significant number of various organic substances. As a result, the natural oil is characterized not by its own boiling point, but by the initial level of this index for liquid hydrocarbons. Basically it is> 28 ° C, and sometimes ≥100 ° C (in case of heavy oil).

The viscosity of this substance varies significantly (from 1.98 to 265.9 mm2 / s). This is determined by the oil fractional composition and its temperature. The higher the temperature and the number of light ends, the viscosity of the oil is lower. This is also due to the presence of substances of resinous-asphaltene type. That is, the more of them, the higher the viscosity of oil.

The specific heat of this substance is 1.7-2.1 kJ / (kg ∙ K). The parameter of specific heat of combustion is relatively low - from 43.7 to 46.2 MJ / kg. The dielectric permeability of oil is from 2 to 2.5, and its electrical conductivity is from 2 ∙ 10-10 to 0.3 ∙ 10-18 Ω-1 ∙ cm-1.

Oil, the photo of which is presented in the article, is a flammable liquid. It flares up at a temperature of -35 to +120 ° C. It depends on its fractional composition and the content of dissolved gases.

Oil (fuel) in ordinary conditions does not dissolve in water. However, it is capable of forming stable emulsions with the liquid. Dissolved oil is a certain substance. This is done with the help of organic solvents. In order to separate water and salts from oil, certain actions are taken. They are very significant in the technological process. This is desalination and dehydration.

Description of the chemical composition

When disclosing the topic, all the features of the substance in question should be taken into account. This is a general, hydrocarbon and elemental oil compositions. Next, consider each of them in more detail.

General composition

Natural fossil oil is a mixture of approximately 1,000 substances of a different nature. The main components are:

• Hydrocarbons are liquid. This is 80-90% by weight.
• Organic heteroatomic compounds (4-5%). Of these, sulfur, oxygen and nitrogenous predominate.
• Organometallic compounds (mainly nickel and vanadium).
• Dissolved gases of hydrocarbon type (C1-C4, from tenths to 4 percent).
• Water (from traces to 10%).
• Mineral salts. Mostly chlorides. 0.1-4000 mg / l and higher.
• Solutions of salts, organic acids and mechanical impurities (particles of clay, limestone, sand).

Hydrocarbon composition

In general, oil has paraffinic (usually 30-35, rarely - 40-50% of the total volume) and naphthenic (25-75%) compounds. To a lesser degree there are aromatic compounds. They occupy 10-20%, and less often - 35%. This affects the quality of oil. Also in the substance under consideration are compounds of a mixed or hybrid structure. For example, naphthenic-aromatic and paraffinic.

Heteroatomic components and description of elemental composition of oil

Along with hydrocarbons, the composition of the product includes substances with impurity atoms (mercaptans, di- and monosulfides, thiophanes and thiophenes, as well as polycyclic and the like). They significantly affect the quality of oil.

Also, the composition of oil includes substances containing nitrogen. These are mainly homologues of indole, pyridine, quinoline, pyrrole, carbazole, porphyrites. They concentrate for the most part in residues and heavy fractions.

The composition of the oil includes oxygen-containing substances (naphthenic acids, tar-asphaltene, phenols and other substances). They are usually found in high-boiling type fractions.

More than 50 elements were found in oil. Together with the mentioned substances, V (10-5 - 10-2%), Ni (10-4-10-3%), Cl (from traces to 2 ∙ 10-2%) are present in this product, and so on. The content of these impurities and compounds in the raw materials of all kinds of deposits varies widely. As a result, it is only conditional on talking about the average petroleum chemical composition.

How is this substance classified by composition of hydrocarbons?

In this regard, there are certain criteria. Separate types of oil in the class of hydrocarbons. They should be no more than 50%. If one of the hydrocarbon classes is not less than 25%, then the mixed types of oil - naphthenic-methane, methane-naphthenic, naphthenic-aromatic, aromatic-naphthenic, methane-aromatic and aromatic-methane - are distinguished. The first component in them contains more than 25%, and the second - more than 50%.

Crude oil does not apply. To obtain technically valuable products (mainly motor fuel, raw materials for the chemical industry, solvents), it is recycled.

Product research methods

The quality of this substance is evaluated for the purpose of a correct choice of the most rational schemes for its processing. This is done using a set of methods: chemical, physical and special.

The general characteristics of the oil are viscosity, density, pour point and other physical and chemical parameters, as well as the composition of dissolved gases and the percentage of tar, solid paraffins and tar-asphaltene substances.

The main principle of stage-by-stage oil research is to combine the methods of its separation into certain components with the consequent simplification of the composition of certain fractions. They are then analyzed by all possible physical and chemical methods. The most common methods for determining the primary fractional oil composition are various types of distillation (distillation) and rectification.

According to the results of the selection for narrow (boiling in the region of 10-20 ° C) and wide (50-100 ° C) fractions, a curve (TEC) of the true boiling point of the substance is constructed. Then, the potential of the content of individual elements, petroleum products and their components (kerosene gas oil, gasoline, oil distillates, diesel, as well as tar and fuel oil), hydrocarbon composition, and other commodity and physical and chemical characteristics is determined.

Distillation is carried out on conventional distillation apparatuses. They are equipped with rectification columns. In this case, the breaking capacity corresponds to 20-22 pieces of theoretical plates.

The fractions that are separated as a result of the distillation are further divided into components. Then, using a variety of methods, determine their content and establish properties. According to the ways of expressing the oil composition and fractions, it is distinguished by its group, individual, structural-group and elemental analyzes.

In group analysis, the content of naphthenic, paraffinic, mixed and aromatic hydrocarbons is determined separately.

In structural-group analysis, the hydrocarbon composition of oil fractions is determined as the average content of naphthenic, aromatic and other cyclic structures, as well as chains of paraffin elements. In this case, another action is carried out - the calculation of the relative amount of hydrocarbon in naphthenes, paraffins and arenas.

The personal hydrocarbon composition is determined exclusively for gasoline and gas fractions. In elemental analysis, the oil composition is expressed by the amount (in percent) of C, O, S, H, N and trace elements.

The main method of separating aromatic hydrocarbons from naphthenic and paraffinic and separation of arenes into poly- and monocyclic is liquid adsorption chromatography. Usually the absorber in this case is a certain element - a double sorbent.

The composition of hydrocarbon oil multicomponent mixtures of a wide and narrow range is usually deciphered by a combination of chromatographic (in the liquid or gas phase), adsorption and other separation methods with spectral and mass spectrometric methods of investigation.

As there are trends in the world to further deepen the process of oil development, its detailed analysis (especially of high-boiling fractions and residual products - tar and fuel oil) becomes essential.

The main oil fields in Russia

On the territory of the Russian Federation, there is a significant amount of deposits of this substance. Oil (mineral) is the national wealth of Russia. It is one of the main export products. The extraction and processing of oil is the source of significant tax revenues to the Russian budget.

The development of oil on an industrial scale was begun at the end of the 19th century. At the moment, Russia has large operational oil production areas. They are located in different regions of the country.

Name Place of Birth	opening date	Retrieved Holdings	Areas of oil production
Great	2013	300 million tons	Astrakhan region
Samotlor	1965	2.7 billion tons	Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug
Romashkinskoe	1948	2.3 billion tons	Republic of Tatarstan
Priobskoye	1982	2.7 billion tons	Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug
Arlanskoe	1966	500 million tons	Republic of Bashkortostan
Lyantorskoye	1965	2 billion tons	Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug
Vankor	1988	490 million tons	Krasnoyarsk region
Fedorovskoye	1971	1.5 billion tons	Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug
Russian	1968	410 million tons	The Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug
Mamontovskoe	1965	1 billion tons	Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug
Tuymazinsky	1937	300 million tons	Republic of Bashkortostan

Shale oil in the USA

In recent years, significant changes have taken place in the hydrocarbon fuel market. The discovery of shale gas and the development of technologies for its extraction in a short time led the United States to the number of large miners of this substance. This phenomenon was characterized by experts as a "slate revolution". At the moment, the world is on the threshold of a no less grandiose event. This is a mass development of oil shale deposits. If earlier experts predicted the fast end of the oil era, now it can last indefinitely. Thus, conversations about alternative energy become irrelevant.

However, information on the economic aspects of the development of oil shale deposits is very contradictory. According to the publication "However," the oil shale oil produced in the US (Texas) costs approximately $ 15 per barrel. At the same time, it seems quite feasible to further halve the process.

The world leader in the production of "classical" oil - Saudi Arabia - has good prospects in the oil shale industry: the cost of a barrel is only $ 7. In this respect, Russia loses. In Russia, 1 barrel of shale oil will cost about $ 20.

According to the above-mentioned publication, shale oil can be produced in all world regions. Each country has significant reserves. However, the reliability of the information given is questionable, since there is as yet no information on the specific cost of shale oil production.

Analyst G. Birg leads the reverse data. In his opinion, the cost price of a barrel of shale oil is 70-90 dollars.

According to the analyst of the Bank of Moscow D. Borisov, the cost of oil production in the Mexican and Gulf of Guinea reaches 80 dollars. This is approximately equal to the current market price.

G. Birg also claims that the oil (shale) deposits are unevenly distributed around the planet. More than two thirds of the total volume is concentrated in the USA. Russia accounts for only 7 percent.

To extract the product in question, large volumes of rock must be processed. The process of producing shale oil is carried out by a career method. It seriously harms the nature.

According to Birga, the complexity of such a process as the extraction of shale oil is compensated by the prevalence of this substance on Earth.

Assuming that the technology of extraction of shale oil will reach a sufficient level, the world oil prices may simply collapse. But so far, no major changes in this area have been observed.

With existing technologies, the production of shale oil can be profitable in a particular case - only when oil prices are $ 150 per barrel and higher.

Russia, according to Birg, the so-called slate revolution can not hurt. The point is that both scenarios are beneficial to this country. The secret is simple: high oil prices bring big profits, and a breakthrough in the production of shale products will increase exports by developing appropriate deposits.

D. Borisov in this regard is not so optimistic. The development of shale oil production, in his opinion, promises a collapse in prices in the oil market and a sharp drop in Russia's export earnings. True, in the short term, this should not be feared, since shale developments are still problematic.

Conclusion

Minerals - oil, gas and similar substances - are the property of each state in which they are mined. This can be seen by reading the article presented above.