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Manual, mechanical and hydraulic guillotine. The guillotine is ...

At the word "guillotine" many people immediately see a terrible picture of execution in front of their eyes. It is believed that the instrument of death came up with the French. Indeed, France has created a guillotine in the form in which we are accustomed to see it, but before that it was used in other European states. In Ireland and Scotland, this deadly invention was called the Scottish Virgin, in Italy - Mandaia, in Germany - Fallbeil. If earlier this tool made people tremble from one of their species, now the guillotine serves the good of mankind. This device is now used for cutting metal, cutting paper and cigars.

What is a guillotine?

In the original sense, the guillotine is a mechanism for cutting off the head, used in a number of European states to enforce the death penalty. The gun was a huge oblique knife, the weight of which ranged from 40-100 kg, moving between vertical guides. The rope was raised to a height of about 3 m and fixed with a latch. The condemned to death was put on a bench, and the head was fastened between boards with a notch for the neck. The lower one was motionless, and the upper one moved up and down in the grooves. The latch holding the knife was opened with a special lever and it fell at a tremendous speed right on the neck of the victim, which caused death to occur instantaneously.

Inventor of the instrument of execution

For a long time in France criminals were burned at the stake, quartered or hung, only privileged persons were executed by cutting off their heads with an ax or sword to reduce their suffering. Dr. Guillotin, who was a member of the National Assembly, in 1791 for the first time proposed execution by the same method, without dividing the people into simple and aristocratic people. In his opinion, the guillotine is an excellent way to save a condemned person from physical and moral pain, because the gun was quickly activated and deprived of life in a matter of seconds.

The corresponding proposal of J. Guillotin to the Constituent Assembly was introduced in 1789. After this, much controversy followed, but in the end most of the members agreed with the doctor, and in 1791 this method of execution was formally introduced into the criminal code. First, the murder weapon was tested on corpses, but in the spring of 1792 the first execution on Grevskoy Square took place with the help of this mechanism. For a long time there was an opinion that the inventor of the guillotine himself suffered from his own creation, but this is not true. Guillotin died his death in 1814.

Using the guillotine in Europe

Many very famous personalities were beheaded by a guillotine. This instrument of death was common in many European countries, but most of all it affected the French. During the Great French Revolution, many criminals were guillotined, this mechanism was used as the main instrument of execution until 1981. In Germany, the guillotine was considered the main type of death penalty until 1949. The German mechanism was slightly different from the French, had a winch for lifting the knife, vertical metal racks and was much lower. The gun was actively used in Nazi Germany to decapitate criminal criminals.

The history of the guillotine also left its mark in Italy. In 1819, this mechanism was recognized as the main tool of execution. The criminals decapitated near the castle of Saint Angela in Piazza del Popolo. The Roman guillotine had its own peculiarities in the design: angular "vice" for squeezing the body of the condemned and straight knife. The last time it was used in the summer of 1870, after which it was canceled. Cayenne from the XVIII to the XX century was a place of hard labor and links for political prisoners. In this tropical place, heavy fever often spread, and it was almost impossible to survive here. The prison of Sinnamari in the city was called the "dry guillotine".

Guillotine manual

Terrible times, when people were decapitated for the slightest fault, have long since passed, now Dr. Guillotin's invention serves the benefit of humanity. Machines for cutting metal many times simplified the work of specialists. The principle of cutting material is based on the principle of the very first mechanism. The fixed lower knife was added to the guillotine machine, so it became similar to the scissors. Depending on the intensity of use, size and thickness of the material, different types of guillotine are used. The simplest of these is the manual version.

Such a machine works thanks to the lever-spring mechanism. Manual guillotine, although it is the simplest equipment that does not require any cunning manipulation, but enjoys great popularity in production. With it, plastic, thin metal sheets, dense cardboard, rubber, plexiglas are cut. The machine is good because its work does not need to bring additional communications, it does not require electricity, it works in any room, and this in many cases reduces the cost of work.

Mechanical guillotine

Machine tools have proven themselves on the good side. In practice, the reliability of equipment was tested, which not only correctly and accurately fulfills the tasks, but also consumes a little power. A propeller shaft is installed in the mechanism, which drives the knife. A torque is applied to it through the coupling . The flywheel itself rotates by means of an electric motor.

Hydraulic guillotine

Such equipment is mainly used in medium and large enterprises, since it has large dimensions, is expensive and necessary for conveyor production of the material. The hydraulic guillotine easily manages the metal of different thicknesses. The high-precision ruler and the massiveness of the hydraulic machine guarantee absolute shear accuracy. A metal sheet along the entire length of the cut is fixed by pressing hydraulic cylinders, but the gap between the knives must be adjusted mechanically.

Guillotine for metal

Guillotine machines are mainly used for roll processing of metal, cutting into strips, cutting sheets in the transverse and longitudinal direction. Manual equipment easily copes with non-ferrous metal (zinc, aluminum, copper and alloys), as well as with thin steel sheets. Thin thicker material is handled by hydraulic, mechanical, pneumatic, electromechanical machines.

The guillotine makes it possible to obtain smooth cut edges, without burrs and other deformations. When cutting a sheet, waste is minimized even in cases where the parts are of a complex shape. On such a machine you can cut even painted metal, the coating does not chip or deform. Some equipment can cut a square, angular, round metal. Guillotine machines can also cut large stacks of material.

Guillotine for paper

When creating paper-cutting equipment, too, the terrible invention of Dr. Guillotin was used. Depending on the purpose for which it is used and to what extent, mechanical, electrical, manual and hydraulic types of structures are distinguished. The guillotine for paper is mainly used on an industrial scale. It is great for perfect cutting large paper bundles up to 800 sheets.

The knife of the mechanism cuts the fibers, and does not force them, it is possible thanks to the motion obliquely. The guillotine cuts a three-dimensional block of paper, leaving a perfectly even cut, and this is its greatest advantage. To improve the performance of the equipment, it is equipped with a ruler, automatic clamp and backlighting of the cutting line. In addition, if necessary, you can sharpen a knife on any machine.

Guillotine for cigars

The name of the ferocious instrument of execution, most likely in the ironic sense of the word, is used to refer to a device for cutting off the tip of a cigar. For a long time knives or scissors were used for this, but they did not give the effect that the guillotine gives. Cigars have a closed end, this is done to preserve the original flavor of tobacco. The historical guillotine looks more like desktop versions, although there are also pocket (portable) devices. They are ideal for use in a recreation room or at home.

Cigars are difficult to smoke, the guillotine makes a smooth cut, which makes the smoker more enjoyable from the process, because he does not convulsive, but a gentle breath and exhalation. Portable guillotines are one- and two-sided. The knives are sharp, so the deformation of the tobacco leaf is excluded. For simple users, it is best to use two-sided guillotines, one-sided fit for masters.

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