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Ismail Gasprinsky in the history of the Crimea

Ismail Gasprinsky, whose life and work are an example for many, is an outstanding Crimean enlightener, writer, publisher and public figure. In this article, we will outline a brief biography of this famous person. We will also talk about the role that Ismayil Gasprinsky played in the history of the Crimea.

Origin, childhood

Ismail was born in March 1851. This event occurred in the village of Avdikoy, located not far from Bakhchisaray. His father was an ensign named Mustafa. Primary education Ismail Gasprinsky received the home, after which he studied at a rural school-mekete (a Muslim educational institution). After that, he graduated from the Simferopol Men's Gymnasium, then was enrolled in the Voronezh Cadet Corps.

In the period from 1864 to 1867, Ismail-bey Gasprinsky studied at the Moscow Military High School. To enter such a prestigious institution, he was able because his father was in the civil service. In addition, Mustafa Gasprinsky belonged to the clan of the Crimean Murzas, which at that time were equated with the Russian nobility.

Important acquaintances, formation of ideology

Ismail in Moscow made friends with his son Mikhail Katkov, the publisher of the Moscow Gazette and the famous Slavophile. For a while Gaspinsky lived in his family. However, he soon returned to his homeland. Ismail began teaching in Bakhchisaray (in Zindjirly madrasah) in 1867. After 3 years he went to Paris, where he attended lectures at the Sorbonne, and also worked as an interpreter and was secretary of IS. Turgenev, the famous Russian writer.

After that, Gasprinskiy lived for about a year in Istanbul. From there he wrote correspondence for Russian newspapers. Abroad, Ismail took the ideas and knowledge, which later creatively interpreted. They crystallized into a viable ideology, eventually transforming Gasprinsky into an outstanding reformer.

Service

Returning to the Crimea, Ismail served as a teacher for some time. However, in February 1879 he became the city head of the city of Bakhchisaray. In this position Gasprinskiy stayed until March 1884.

Essay Gasprinsky, his ideas

In 1881, Ismail wrote an essay entitled "Russian Islam: Thought, notes and observations of a Muslim." This work has become a kind of intellectual manifesto, and not only for Gasprinsky. In this paper, the author is asked the so-called "cursed questions" of life. What kind of relationship should be between Russians and Tatars? What should be the Russian Muslims (Tatars) in relation to the Russians? To what purpose does the Russian government aspire to the Tatars and seeks at all? All these questions interested Gasprinsky.

Ismail notes bitterly the lack of a consistent policy that would be inspired by the idea of spreading Russian civilization against Muslims. Gasprinsky writes that this brought many bitter fruits both for Russian Muslims and for the fatherland as a whole. The author states that Russian Muslims do not feel, they do not understand the interests of the Russian state. He does not understand his ideas, aspirations, his joy and grief are unknown. In addition, ignorance of the Russian language isolates Russian Muslims from Russian literature and thought, as well as from universal human culture. Gasprinsky notes that it is vegetating in prejudices and old concepts, that it is divorced from the rest of humanity. The reason for many troubles, according to Ismail, is the absence of a well-thought-out, consistent policy with regard to the alien and heterodox population.

Summarizing the thoughts outlined in his essay, Gasprinskiy notes that the rapprochement of Russian Muslims with the Russian state is hampered by ignorance, which leads to distrust. What is the author's solution from the situation that has been created? Gasprinskiy believes that the course of Muslim madrassas should introduce elementary teaching of various sciences in Tatar. Thanks to this, knowledge will penetrate into the Muslim environment without harm to the state. This, in turn, will raise the mental level of the clergy and representatives of the middle class. So many prejudices can be dispelled. Another measure proposed Gasprinsky - the creation of favorable conditions for the publication of printed products in the Tatar language.

Jadidism

Ismail, being an orthodox Muslim, puts forward the creation of a reformed community of Muslim professors. Jadidist reform becomes an effective response to questions that worried the enlightener. It was thanks to Ismail that it became widespread among Muslims living in Russia.

Jadidism proposed a program of reforms related to education. Its main directions included:

  • Reforming the education of Muslims, bringing it in line with the European level;
  • The formation of a common Turkic literary language for all peoples;
  • Creation of philanthropic, civil societies;
  • Increase in civic activity, change in the status of a Muslim woman;
  • Strengthening of existing ties between various Turkic-Muslim peoples living in Russia.

The newspaper "Terjiman"

Gasprinskiy, following the noble principles declared by him, began to engage in active educational activities. For example, in April 1883 he began publishing in Bakhchisaray a newspaper called "Terjiman" ("Translator"). For many years it became the only Turkic newspaper published in Russia. The "Terjiman" printed information concerning the most topical topics. The newspaper was published both in Crimean-Tatar and in Russian.

At first the publication was a weekly journal, but later it appeared three times a week, and daily. "Terjiman" existed until the very death of Gasprinsky, which occurred in 1914, and also 4 years after it. In these years, the editor of the newspaper was his son Refat.

Other newspapers and magazines published by Gasprinsky

Another newspaper, which was published by Ismail Gasprinsky, is the weekly "Millet" ("Nation"). He also produced the women's magazine "Alemi Nisvan" ("The World of Women"). Shefika Gasprinskaya, daughter of Ismail, was the editor of this magazine. But this is not all the publications founded by Gasprinsky. He published a children's magazine in the Crimean language "Alemi subyan" ("The World of Children"). We should also mention a humorous publication called "Ha-ha-ha!", Which was founded by Ismail Gasprinsky. His biography, as you can see, is marked by the release of a number of magazines and newspapers.

Creating a common Turkic language

Ismail sought to ensure that the Turkic peoples living in the territory of Russia united on the basis of the creation of a common Turkic literary language. The language Gasprinsky considered the basis for the existence of general Türkic solidarity. Ismail tried first of all to carry out language reform. He believed that "unity in the language" does not work out by itself, since with all the commonness of lexicon and typological similarity, the languages of the Turkic peoples differed significantly. An important step towards the rapprochement of all these peoples was the development of a kind of Turkic Esperanto. This language was created on the basis of the Crimean-Tatar (its modernized version).

Reform of the education system

The system of education, as Gasprinsky believed, was also an important sphere that needed decisive reform. Ismail developed a special method of school education. It was first tested at the Bakhchsarai school in 1884. The main advantage of this method was the meaningful study of objects, and not the mechanical learning of obscure texts. In addition, in the learning process, native languages were actively used, but this did not exclude the study of Russian, Arabic and European languages.

Thanks to the schools that used the Gasprinsky method, in the first 15 years of the 20th century a new generation of Crimean Tatar intellectuals appeared. They were educated in a European way, but they did not lose their Muslim identity.

Recognition, congresses of Muslims of Russia

In 1903, the 20-year anniversary of the newspaper Terzhiman turned into a kind of national forum. On it, Gasprinsky was recognized as the "father of the nation of Russian Muslims." The first Muslim congresses became the realization of the idea of Turkic-Islamic solidarity that he was conducting.

Ismail Gasprinsky in 1905 became chairman of the first congress of Muslims of Russia. This congress initiated the unification of all Russian Tatars. The second congress was held in January 1906 in St. Petersburg. Ismail Gasprinsky was also chairman of it. At this event it was decided to form the Union of Muslims of Russia. In August 1906 a third congress was held near Nizhny Novgorod. It was decided to transform the created Union of Muslims (Ittifak al-Muslimin) into a special political party. Her program was based on the ideology of pan-Turkism.

Ismail Gasprinsky: poetry and prose

I. Gasprinsky is known not only as a public figure, but also as a talented writer. His pen belongs to a number of remarkable works of art. The novels of Gasprinsky (Arslan-kyz, Molla Abbas, One Hundred Years Later) were published in the newspaper Terzhiman.

And as the poet is known I. Gasprinsky. Many Crimeans know his poems about Crimea today. Nevertheless, the author's poetic heritage is small. His poems (about the Crimea - "Crimea", etc.) are not as well known as the results of his public and writings.

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