Internet as a global information system. When did the Internet appear in Russia? Internet resources

The Internet is used to the typical inhabitant of a modern city, but this state of affairs was preceded by a rather long and complex way of becoming and developing technologies, thanks to which it was possible to ensure the deployment of the World Wide Web on a global scale. What are these decisions? How did the World Wide Web develop in Russia?

Definition of the Internet

The Internet as a global information system is a computer network, the nodes of which are distributed around the world, and are logically connected through the use of a special address space. The functioning of this global network is possible primarily due to the unification of communication standards: for example, TCP / IP is used as the main one, implemented equally on any computers connected to the World Wide Web.

In the modern form, the Internet as a global information system exists for about 30 years. But by the time of its appearance, the infrastructure on the basis of which the World Wide Web was deployed was quite developed in many countries of the world.

It will be useful to consider how it was built in those or other states. It is noteworthy that the history of infrastructure development, on the basis of which the modern Internet began to be built, practically coincides with the period of confrontation between the two largest world technological systems - Western and Soviet. Of course, this is a very simplified classification, as both within the framework of the first system, and in the second, regional, national technologies, very different in a number of cases, actively developed.

Ultimately, the Western model became the basis for the development of the modern Internet. However, by the time of its introduction into the USSR, Soviet specialists already had experience in deploying computer networks, somewhat similar to the western Internet model. Let's consider, then, how the World Network developed within the Western technological system, and also when the Internet appeared in Russia based on the specifics of the development of the national computer network infrastructure.

The history of the Internet in Western countries

In the late 1950s, during one of the most difficult periods of the Cold War, the US government confronted US scientists with the task of creating a data transmission infrastructure that could function even in the context of a global armed conflict. Scientists have proposed the concept of such a system - the project was called ARPANET.

In 1969, computers of several large American universities were integrated into a network of schemes that were developed by scientists within the framework of this project. Subsequently, the experience gained by the researchers was adopted by many other interested structures: this led to the growth of computer networks operating according to ARPANET standards, on a national scale.

There were also specialized programs for this infrastructure: for example, already in 1971 ARPANET had written software intended for sending messages. In fact, we are talking about the appearance of the first e-mail - the main functions of the Internet today still include the organization of data exchange in an appropriate format. In the 1970s, e-mail was, according to researchers, the most popular function of the computer network deployed within the framework of the American project.

Gradually, the scale of ARPANET went beyond the US: various European organizations began to connect to the network. The connection with the American infrastructure was organized through a telephone cable through the Atlantic Ocean.

In fact, since the Europeans joined the ARPANET, in particular in 1973, the British and Norwegian organizations began to exchange data with the network, the project became international. However, communications between computers located in different parts of the world have not always been stable due to the lack of generally accepted standards for data exchange.

The corresponding problem was eliminated after the introduction of the universal TCP / IP protocol. It is still used almost all Internet resources.

By the time TCP-IP was introduced, the American-European network was more interregional than global, despite the fact that in 1983 it was named "Internet". But its further development was rapid. This process was facilitated by the invention in 1984 of the DNS standard - on its basis the domain name service began to function. It can be noted that in the same year the ARPANET project had a serious competitor in the person of the NSFNet network, which united computers of various universities.

NSFNet as the infrastructure basis of the Internet

The infrastructure of NSFNet allowed to provide much higher dynamics of data transmission. It grew at the most active pace. Gradually, the Internet became known as the once-expanding network of NSFNet. In 1988, it became possible to use its resources to organize instant messaging in chat format - via the IRC protocol.

In 1989, British scientist Tim Berners-Lee developed the concept of a global computer network, the World Wide Web. Over the next 2 years, he creates a hypertext transfer protocol - HTTP, HTML, and URL identifiers. According to many researchers, it was thanks to the inventions of Tim Berners-Lee that the Internet as a global information system began a rapid march across the planet.

These standards, as well as the capabilities of the universal TCP / IP protocol, have made it possible to scale the World Wide Web on a global scale at a tremendous pace. In the early 90s, the basic Internet capabilities that are available to modern users were formed: access to web pages through browsers, posting information on them, receiving and transferring files. Of course, services e-mail, IRC have remained in demand.

ся язык гипертекста, технологии управления сайтами. The language of hypertext, site management technology was improved . NSFNet, но в 1995 году данная функция была передана сетевым провайдерам. As an infrastructure basis for the Internet, NSFNet servers have long been used , but in 1995 this function was transferred to network providers. стандарт WWW, посредством которого было возможно передавать практически любые данные с использованием каналов интернета. In 1996, the standard WWW became widely used , through which it was possible to transmit virtually any data using Internet channels. FTP. But the FTP standard has also kept its relevance . интернет-ресурсы продолжают его использовать в целях организации эффективного обмена файлами. And today, many Internet resources continue to use it to organize efficient file sharing.

In the usual form, the World Wide Web as a whole was formed by the beginning of the 2000s. As the speed of users' access to online resources increased by means of technologies such as DSL, fiber, 3G, 4G, resources for placing video content, such as YouTube, gaming portals, cloud services, became especially popular. Through the Internet is organized not only the exchange of data between people, but also between various devices - from simple household items to a large industrial infrastructure. There are a lot of scientific concepts about how the Internet will develop as a global information system in the future. They are very different, and in many respects their implementation depends on the development of the actual computer technologies.

History of the Internet in Russia

Let's study now when the Internet appeared in Russia. With the Western model of the development of online communications, we got acquainted, now it is important for us to understand how the corresponding infrastructure was implemented in our country.

As we noted at the beginning of the article, for a long time information technologies in the Soviet Union developed in parallel with the Western ones. It should be noted that, to a large extent, their development became possible due to the emergence of the USSR resources for the reproduction of the Western microprocessor base, which began to be actively introduced at various levels of communications management in the 60-70s, although before that Soviet scientists had very advanced own development . But anyway, the essence of the Internet in the Western interpretation could differ significantly from the concepts of the development of computer networks in the USSR.

Back in the 1950s, Soviet scientists formed computer networks as part of projects to build an anti-missile defense infrastructure. These networks were based on Soviet computers such as "Diana-I", "Diana-II" and other solutions. Exchange of information between the relevant computers was carried out in order to calculate the trajectory of the flight of anti-missiles.

In the 1970s, computer networks were also actively involved in the civilian sphere - in particular, as an infrastructure within the systems of the ACS-Express and Sirena type, allowing to reserve, respectively, rail and air tickets. In 1974, the computer encoding KOI-8 was invented.

In the first half of the 1980s, VNIIPAS Institute started using remote computers to exchange data with foreign organizations. UNIX (на принципах которой функционируют современные ОС Linux и, в свою очередь базирующиеся на ней ОС Android, которые можно отнести к самым распространенным в мире, если брать рынок мобильных устройств). In general, in the 1980s, the deployment of Soviet networked computer systems was quite active, largely due to the emergence in the USSR of localized versions of the UNIX operating system (on the principles of which modern Linux operating systems and, in turn, Android OS based on it, which can be attributed to The most widespread in the world, if we take the market of mobile devices). In fact, by 1990, the USSR had formed all the necessary infrastructure for the subsequent integration of Soviet computer networks and the Internet, which operated on the basis of NSFNet resources.

"RELCOM" - national computer network

All-Union computer network "RELCOM" appears, in which protocols and Internet technologies are involved. Communication between computers is provided through telephone channels. The most important role in building this infrastructure was played by the developers of the Demos cooperative, which developed various software solutions.

In August 1990, researchers from the Kurchatov Institute established a connection with the University of Helsinki in order to ensure the functioning of the channels for the transmission of mail messages within the framework of the Internet itself. In September 1990, specialists of RELCOM, as well as Demos, registered the domain of the Soviet Union. Su, which is still used, and there are versions that its popularity will grow.

In the USSR, along with RELCOM, Fido's user networks are developing. By 1991, for Soviet users connecting to RELCOM, resources with domain addressing became available, as in the modern Internet. In 1992, the first providers appeared in the Russian Federation.

The use of the international standard TCP / IP in Russia is becoming ubiquitous. In April 1994, the .Ru national domain was registered. Since then, the Internet in Russia has developed in general the same way as in Western countries. At the same time, Russian specialists also made a significant contribution to the development of the World Wide Web, in particular at the level of developing antivirus and server solutions.

So, we studied how the Internet works, the features of the development of appropriate communication technologies in Russia and in the West. We will now study what the World Wide Web is today.

Modern Internet: Providers

Internet access for users is provided by providers. We will study the specifics of the problems they solve.

Who is an Internet provider? In the early years of the development of the World Wide Web, this was the company that provides switching services to provide communication between the user and the nearest Internet servers. Now the provider is a supplier of high-tech communication resources that ensure the functioning of the network infrastructure at the regional, and sometimes nationally. Companies providing relevant services can be both very large, international, and local, which can operate on a single city scale.

There are a lot of technologies through which providers can provide their services: optical and telephone channels, satellite, cellular Internet. Each of them has advantages and disadvantages. From what channels are used, the prices for the Internet, formed by the provider, largely depend. Typically, the most affordable for the user are wired channels, a little expensive - cellular, the most expensive - satellite. At the same time, payment for the services of the provider can be carried out:

• In the format of a subscription fee;
• For traffic;
• In a number of cases - during access to the Network.

The role of the Internet in the modern world is primarily to provide users with the opportunity to visit various sites.

Modern internet: sites

A website located on the Internet is a collection of files (text, graphic, video and audio recordings containing other multimedia components), accessed through protocols such as WWW, HTTP, FTP and others, which are optimal in this or that case. Of course, these files are systematized in a certain way to facilitate the user's perception of information.

The main system element of the site is a web page. In most cases, it is compiled in HTML, often with different scripts. The site can have different themes. It can be an online newspaper, a blog, video hosting, sports, entertainment portal - there are a huge number of types of resources that can be placed on the World Wide Web.

Modern internet: radio and television

Above we noted that as communication technologies develop and the speed of data transfer increases, various video resources on the Internet are gaining popularity. This can be considered, for example, Internet TV, as well as online radio. These technologies make it possible to broadcast TV and radio programs on special websites using special technologies.

It is noteworthy that many of the modern services allow you to organize your own broadcast to any user who wants to. Internet TV, given the prevalence of high-speed lines, is no longer a privilege, but an ordinary resource. Which at the same time may require users to make significant investments (labor, financial) in its promotion and development. The same can be said about sites. An Internet newspaper or entertainment portal can be registered by any interested user, but turning them into a recognizable brand is not an easy task.

Modern internet: mobile applications

One of the most pronounced trends in the development of the modern Internet can be considered the widespread distribution of mobile applications - special software launched from smartphones or tablets. Functionally, application data in many cases can be similar to web pages. But there are specialized solutions of the appropriate type, for example, adapted to organize protected access to a personal account, for example, a bank account. The Internet today is a communication environment within which almost any digital data can be transmitted, and in many cases it requires the use of special protocols and technologies, including those implemented in mobile applications.

Summary

So, we have studied the concept of the World Wide Web, as well as the main technologies that are used to ensure its functioning. The essence of the Internet is to provide users from all over the world with stable inexpensive access to various types of useful information, files, multimedia content, as well as to resources through which people can communicate with each other and exchange various data. Such a possibility is now familiar to residents of probably all countries of the world, although earlier it was available to very few people, in many cases it could be used only if there was a high level of skills in the field of information technology.

Who is an Internet provider, to which of them can connect and at what price - questions that are almost certainly known to a typical resident of a modern metropolis. The World Wide Web continues to evolve: new services, technologies, user communication concepts are being developed, data transfer devices are being improved. The way in which technical progress will progress, then, how the world economy will develop, will determine the vectors for the further development of the Internet.