Black-and-white breed of cows: a characteristic

Milk productivity of cattle depends on the characteristics of the animal, conditions of detention, age and many other factors. But first of all - from the breed and the origin. On the territory of Russia, a black (variegated) breed of cows has become very popular since the beginning of the last century, and today it holds the leading position.

Appearance

Among the distinctive characteristics related to the exterior of these animals, of course, the main is the suit. The coat is always black and mottled, very pleasant and soft to the touch. The thin skin forms small creases on the body. The back and waist are a straight straight line. The elongated body of an animal with a rather bulky belly is developed proportionally. Udter-shaped cup with asymmetrical lobes and very closely located posterior nipples. Strong limbs are set straight. Body weight is very fast. Having a weight at birth of 35 kg, by the growing up period it weighs 470-550 kg with a height of 140 cm. Bulls are much heavier - their weight is from 850 to 900 kg.

Features of the breed

Black-and-white breed of cows refers to the dairy, so its meat qualities are quite satisfactory. The question "how much does a cow give milk" is the main question when assessing its merits. This breed is considered the most productive by the amount of milk, milk yields sometimes reach 7000 kg for lactation.

Animals are highly adaptable to a variety of climatic conditions. To any weather conditions get used very quickly, easily tolerate cold and heat, have strong health and stable immunity, can stay on the pasture for a long time and not be afraid of long-distance transitions. In food unpretentious, the main thing is to have a large number of feeds - both green pastures, and haylage and silage. Thanks to all these features, farmers prefer to breed this breed.

Origin

The native black-and-white breed of cows was bred by breeders in the 30s of the twentieth century. Local cattle from different regions of Russia crossed with Dutch cows. The work was carried out in two stages: first, obtaining different hybrids, then improving them. The official recognition of the Ministry of Agriculture this breed as an independent breed was received only in 1959, after which the black and motley breed of cows became popular not only on the territory of our country, but abroad.

Productivity

A great importance for this indicator is the region of breeding cows. The fat content of milk is in the range of 3.2-3.9 percent, and a high threshold is found in cows in Siberia, Estonia and Ukraine. Tribal farms can boast of large milk yields, sometimes reaching 6500 kg. Battling for leadership and competing in various indicators, the state farms record and achievements by milk. The record for today is the figure of 10000-12000 kg. Such a quantity of milk during the lactation period for today can give a black and motley breed of cows. Characteristics of meat production is significantly different. Only 50% is the killer yield of the carcass.

There are several types of this breed, differing in appearance, according to milk yield, depending on the breeding site. These indicators are influenced by climatic conditions, the level of breeding work in the region and the original type of livestock.

Breed of cows of the Central region of Russia

The black and motley breed of cows in this part of Russia has its own characteristics. These are very large animals. Cows have an average weight of up to 650 kg and high productivity (7500-8000 kg of milk with a fat content of at least 3.6%). Bulls sometimes reach a mass of 1000 kg. The breed was created by crossing local breeds of cattle (Kholmogorsky, Yaroslavl, etc.) with German and Dutch. Intra-breed types, bred in Central Russia (Moscow, Nepetsinsky and Barybinsky) were withdrawn in 2003-2004.

Breed of black-and-motley cow cows in the Urals

These animals are distinguished by a lighter type of constitution, they are very harmonious and have a rather dry constitution. Color predominantly black with various sizes of white spots, located throughout the body in a chaotic order. Basically, by crossing the Tagilian breed with the motley cattle of the Baltic States, this black-and-white breed of cows appeared in the Urals. The characteristic of milk production is somewhat different: milk yields of up to 4.0% can not be called very high milk yields. Even in tribal state farms, they rarely exceed 5500 kg. In 2003, breeding of Holstein bulls and cows of black and motley breed breeders created an intra-breed type - the Urals.

Black-and-white cattle in Siberia

The result of the crossing of Dutch cattle with Siberian was the appearance of large and massive animals, the weight of which reaches 560 kg. The milk yield varies from 4,500 to 5,000 kg, and cows in breeding farms can produce 8,000 kg. Milk is high in fat content. Intra-breed types, created in Siberia (Oba, Ilmen) are well adapted to Siberian weather conditions.

Thanks to the genes of the Holstein cows, the features of the exteriors and milk production are acquiring more and more common features, which are possessed by the black and white breed of cows. Photos of animals that can be found in special literature are not much different, it can not be determined from them - a breed is bred in Siberia or in the Urals. All of them have a very similar constitution and mostly a dairy type of constitution.

Breed of Holstein cows

Improving the black and motley domestic breed of cows, breeders used Holstein breed in their work. Originally from Holland, these animals, thanks to their best qualities, spread throughout the world, especially popular becoming in Germany. The official registration of the breed was in 1983 in North America. Today it accounts for 90% of the total number of cattle bred on the territory. A strong constitution and high productivity have become the hallmarks of the Holstein cows. Black-and-white color of these animals is predominant, but there are representatives of a completely black and even red-and-motley color. White markings are most often located on the abdomen, on the limbs and at the tip of the tail.

Cows have a strong backbone, developed musculature and well expressed dairy forms. The cup-shaped udder has a large capacity. Over a day, the yield can be more than 60 kg, and the productivity for lactation is 8,000 kg. At a height of 150 cm the weight of cows can reach 700 kg, bulls - over 1100 kg. When providing animals with high-quality nutrition, these figures can be even higher. Calves are born from a weight of 38 to 47 kg. To the conditions of detention the representatives of Holstein breed are very exacting, therefore it is necessary to approach this issue extremely responsibly. They are not very stress-resistant, but at the same time very affectionate and clean. In the summer, the grass is enough to feed the cows, but in the winter it is necessary to use hay beans, soybean meal and corn in the diet.

Yaroslavl breed of cows

It was excreted in the Yaroslavl province by the method of selecting local cattle, for which it received its name. This breed is one of the oldest in Russia and today is increasingly being replaced by others with higher productivity. This is a black and motley breed of cows, differing slightly angular physique, narrow chest and underdeveloped musculature. The peculiarity of the Yaroslavl breed is the prevailing black color with small white spots in the head, abdomen and extremities. Animals have a low growth, not exceeding 127 cm at the withers, and a mass that rarely exceeds 500 kg. A well developed round udder provides high milk production - up to 6000 kg, fat content is 4.2-5.2%.

Today, the Yaroslavl breed, due to its weak characteristics, is no longer of such economic importance as it used to be. Her head is shortened, but despite this, she is of great value for breeding work. So, thanks to the crossing of races with Holstein bulls, a new type of Yaroslavl breed appeared - Mikhaylovsky, which has a high milk production. In addition, these animals are characterized by precocity, longevity, easily adapt to local conditions.

And in the private sector today is increasingly found black and motley breed of cows. The owners' comments mark a number of its advantages over all the others. The breeding work, which is constantly carried out today with this breed, is aimed at creating large animals with higher productivity indicators and correcting all the shortcomings of the exterior.