Basic cell types

In the organism of plants and animals, different types of tissue and cells are distinguished. Tissues can differ both in the structure of the cells, and in the structure of the intercellular substance, as well as in their functions. Different types of cells can differ in shape, size, presence or absence of some organelles. Different types of cells form different types of tissues. Let's consider the basic types of cells.

Vegetable, mushroom, animals, bacterial

This classification of cells, depending on the organisms that are built of them. Here is a comparative table, which shows these types of cells, their differences and similarities.

Types of cells of different tissues

Different cells form different tissues. In addition, the same tissue consists of several different types of cells.

Epithelial cells

They are called epitheliocytes. These are polarly differentiated cells, located closely to each other. They can be cubic, flat or cylindrical in shape. Epithelial cells are usually located on the basement membrane.

Types of connective tissue cells

Connective tissue exists in several forms:

• Reticular;
• Dense fibrous;
• Loose fibrous;
• Bone;
• Cartilaginous;
• Fat;
• blood;
• lymph.

Each of these tissues has different cells and an intercellular substance. Reticular tissue consists of reticulocytes and reticular fibers. From the reticulocytes, hematopoietic cells and macrophages can be formed, the cells responsible for protecting the body from viruses.

Dense fibrous fabric consists mainly of fibers, and loose - from an amorphous substance. The dense fibrous tissue gives the organs elasticity, and the friable fills the spaces between the internal organs.

Bone tissue contains various types of cells: osteogenic, osteoblasts, osteoclasts and osteocytes. The latter are the main cells of the tissue. Osteogenic are undifferentiated cells, from which osteocytes, osteoblasts and osteoclasts can form. Osteoblasts produce substances that make up the intercellular substance of bone tissue. Osteoclasts are responsible for resorption of bone tissue if necessary. Some scientists do not refer them to bone cells.

Cartilaginous tissue consists of chondrocytes, chondroclasts and chondroblasts. The first are in the outer layer of cartilage. They have a spindle shape. The chroblasts are located in the inner layer. They have an oval or round shape. Chondroclasms are responsible for the disposal of old cartilage cells.

Fatty tissue consists only of one kind of cells: lipocytes. They contain a large amount of spare fats.

Variety of blood and lymph cells

Blood contains numerous types of cells called blood cells. These are erythrocytes, platelets and leukocytes, which are divided into several species. Erythrocytes have a flattened round shape. They contain a protein called hemoglobin, the function of which is the transport of oxygen through the body. Platelets are small, denuclearized cells. They are responsible for blood clotting. Leukocytes are the immune system of man and animal.

Leukocytes are divided into two large groups: granular and non-granular. The former include neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils. The first are able to carry out phagocytosis - eating hostile bacteria and viruses. Eosinophils are also capable of phagocytosis, but this is not their main role. Their main function is to destroy histamine secreted by other cells in an inflammatory process that can cause swelling. Basophils mediate inflammation and secrete an eosinophilic chemotactic factor.

Unscientized leukocytes are divided into lymphocytes and monocytes. The first are divided into three classes depending on their functions. There are T-lymphocytes, B-lymphocytes and zero lymphocytes. B-lymphocytes are responsible for the production of antibodies. T-lymphocytes are responsible for the recognition of foreign cells, as well as stimulation of the work of B-lymphocytes and monocytes. Zero lymphocytes are reserved.

Monocytes, or macrophages, are also capable of phagocytosis. They destroy viruses and bacteria.

Nerve tissue

There are the following types of nerve cells:

• Actually nervous;
• Glial.

Nerve cells are called neurons. They consist of a calf and processes: a long axon and short branched dendrites. They are responsible for the formation and transfer of momentum. Depending on the number of processes, unipolar (with one), bipolar (with two) and multipolar (with a set) neurons are distinguished. Multipolar ones are most common in humans and animals.

Glial cells perform basic and nutritional functions, ensuring a stable placement in space and supplying nutrients to neurons.

Muscle cells

They are called myocytes, or fibers. There are three types of muscle tissue :

• Cross-striped;
• Heart;
• Smooth.

Depending on the type of tissue, the myocytes are different. In the striated tissue they are long, elongated, possess several nuclei and a large number of mitochondria. In addition, they are intertwined with each other. Smooth muscle tissue is characterized by smaller myocytes with fewer nuclei and mitochondria. Smooth muscle tissues are not able to contract as quickly as cross-striated. The heart muscle consists of myocytes, more similar to those of the striated tissue. All myocytes contain contractile proteins: actin and myosin.