The retina of the eye, its anatomical and functional features.

The retina of the eye, or retina (retina), is the innermost, after the choroid, envelope of the eye. Its extreme uniqueness lies in the fact that it contains three peripheral neurons, from which all visual information, perceived by the eye, goes to the brain, where it receives the final processing and transformation into memorable visual images. Thanks to the retina, the entire organ of vision can be equated with complex and highly differentiated intracerebral structures.

The retina of the eye has a very complex and unusual structure. It has an ultrathin structure, but histologically it still distinguishes ten different in its structure layers. The first of them, which borders on the middle shell of the eye, is represented by pigment epithelium. It contains a large number of melanocytes, which produce melanin. Following the pigment layer is the light-absorbing part of the eyeball. This is the first neuron. It is represented by specific photoreceptors. Each of them has a specific function. Thus, the sticks are responsible for the formation of twilight vision, and the cone apparatus for color perception and clarity. It is in them every second light reactions occur. The second and third neurons are located in the layers of bipolar and ganglion cells, respectively. From the anatomical features of the retinal membrane, the projection of the optic nerve and macula on it should be noted. In the region of the optical nerve disc, there is a so-called "blind spot". It is absolutely indifferent to light stimuli, t. There are no photoreceptor cells. And the most clear picture to the human eye is provided by the central fossa (macular area), in which the congestion of the cones simply overshoots. Macula anatomists nicknamed "fossa", because in this place there are no four layers of retina.

The retina of the eye in a normal, healthy eye should fit snugly against the underlying vascular membrane, to its very last layer, called the vitreous plate or the Bruch membrane. In cases where this condition is violated, in the eye, sooner or later, spontaneously or under the influence of certain external and internal factors, its detachment may occur. This is the most formidable and urgent condition for the organ of vision, which can permanently deprive a person of the ability to see. A softer, but not less dangerous condition is considered to be retinal rupture. It occurs in the places of its greatest thinning. Sometimes patients may not notice ruptures; They are small and can be located far from the place that is responsible for a clear and clear image of objects on the retina. More often breaks occur when the patient has an ophthalmic history of some degeneration of the retina. For example, at high degrees of myopia, or, as it is called in the people, short-sightedness, the patient's retina, because of the large size of the eyeball, greatly stretches, becomes fragile and very thin. In such a retina, blood supply and nutrition are impaired. Therefore, any impact from the outside (impact on the head, excessive physical load, increasing pressure, increased shaking) can lead to the appearance of breaks, and sometimes detachment of the mesh shell. Treatment should be carried out immediately, as long as there is a chance to restore the functionality of the retina. In the case of detachment, the patient needs rest and bed rest. A small fresh detachment can lie down on its own. In cases where there is no hope for self-healing, surgical treatment is required - filling of the sclera or vitreal operation. The retina of the eye in which the rupture occurred can be restored by laser coagulation of the rupture site.